Ischemia Hypoxanthin: A Summary And Analysis

During ischemia hypoxanthin is accumlated in the cell as a resulte of adenine neucleotid metabolism,will then converted to the toxic reactive oxygen species(ROS) upon reoxygenation(Collard et al.,2001).
Ultrastructural changes: 1.2.1.5. The cytoskeleton,is the internal structural organization of a cell, is composed of well organized network of complex structural proteins, including actin, microtubules and lamins.The cytoskeleton is multifunctional which is maintains internal cellular compartment and induce the transition of mechanical forces within the cell to adjacent cells and the extracellular matrix, the distribution of organelles, the movement of molecules or components and the docking of proteins such as membrane receptors or ion channels. Ischemia will cause the dissociation of the cytoskeleton due to increase the intracellular concentrations of Ca+2 during ischemia which activate multiple phosphorylases and proteases that dissociate the cytoskeleton, thereby eliminating the functions that depend on its integrity, such as phagocytosis, exocytosis, myofilament contraction and intercellular communication(Gourdin et al.,2013).
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a nonspecific channel of inner mitochondrial membrane which have a crucial role in reperfusion injury , and its opening during reperfusion period will increases the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to water and molecules with high molecular weight and cause a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation cause depletion in ATP production and induces apoptosis by releasing the intra-mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c, endonuclease G, Smac/Diablo and apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytosol(Frank et