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Gardner, R. C. And W. E. Lambert. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning, Rowley, MA: Newbury House.…
In her essay, Linda Moore tries to persuade her audience that learning a second language should be a requirement not a luxuary. She tried to persuade her audience by using facts and experiences from other countries and to touch the reader's feeling to make him/her on her side.…
The learning of one's mother tongue will provide an individual the right to study their culture and will also preserve family bonds and lessen cultural conflicts between generations. Moreover, language, the combination of specific words in a particular order, not only empowers individuals to participate as members of a designated community, it is also a fundamental key in enabling individuals to establish and define the dimensions of their identity.…
The increasing number of English language learners (ELL) has presented a myriad of challenges for the educational system. On the backdrop of federal mandates and guidelines, schools have the added pressure of implementing instructional practices for ELL that would ensure that each student is making significant academic yearly progress. Also fueling the controversy are the trends in instructional strategies which have continuously evolved as the dramatic flow of ELL increase. In an effort to better understand second language learners, various studies have been conducted on the processes of second language acquisition. Second language theories have provided the framework for which relevant data can be deduced to enhance the way educators formulate effective instructional practices. There is a foundational premise among second langue theorists that learners acquire second language by building upon their existing native language knowledge. However, each theory that has been formulated approach second language acquisition from differing perspectives.…
The second stage starts when these low self-esteem learners seek companion. And because their lack of effort in talking with their ESL teachers, it is more likely that they find people with similar situations. These second language learners, who have experienced accent discrimination, will form a self-protective group. Inside this group, they are free to communicate in their first language and regain self-confidence. Unfortunately, as a result, they begin losing interest in improving their English and focus their social lives within the group. This can be summarized as lose of motivation.…
Cummins, J. (1981). Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada: A reassessment. Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 132-149.…
motivation and the desire to learn language skills of another culture. Motivation is the desire or…
Investigations of the relationships between L1 and L2 contextualized and decontextualized language skills among immigrant students will be reviewed according to the background of the students involved. The three major categories are Finnish students in Sweden, Hispanic students in the United States, and Asian students in the United States and Canada. The some additional evidence from bilingual programs involving both majority and minority students will be reviewed and finally we will examine studies involving adult L2 learners.…
Some people have argued that these people, known as bilinguals, are tainting their respective cultures by learning a different language and learning other cultures. As a result, these bilinguals end up being discriminated in their own native country. They become emotionally separated from their countrymen who can only speak their native tongue, creating a rift in their community. Many other issues similar to this have sprouted over the years. It is because they do not understand what it means to be bilingual and the benefits which they may receive upon acquiring a second language (L2). As the issues pertaining to bilingualism increase, it is necessary for everyone to know the tremendous benefits of becoming bilingual.…
Teaching an L2 or a second language to students sometimes is very difficult and we ask ourselves how to teach the language. Many authors have tried to investigate the way to teach a language and how we acquire a second language or L2 with the influences of an L1 or our mother tongue.…
Social and Psychological distances are basically derived from Acculturation Theory of SLA provided by Schumann.The theory is, “second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group will control the degree to which he acquires the second language.”…
Exercise 2: To answer the following queries refer to the tables in the DBMS I database.…
Critically evaluate Gardner and Lambert’s theory of instrumental and integrative motivation as a key influencing factor in Second Language Acquisition…
Bibliography: Arnold, E. & Mels, J. (2007): Jetzt versteh ' ich das!. Bessere Lernerfolge durch…
It is necessary to be aware of the difference between a foreign language and a second language. A foreign language is any language spoken in a country other than it’s official language, or one that is learned mainly with intentions of cultural insight. A second language, however, is one which is learned fluently after already acquiring a native or mother tongue. With a second language one becomes immersed into the culture. A second language is what would be taught in schools when striving for bilingualism of students. The goal would be that students could effectively communicate in at least two languages -- making them bilingual. This difference is important to note because being bilingual produces more educational benefits than studying a foreign language would. Although foreign language may build some cognitive skill, a second language continuously…