Lack of English Proficiency Among University Students
English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction [ILLUSTRATED] (Paperback) by Philip Carr (Author) "Speech sounds are made by modifying an airstream..." (more)
Key Phrases: word stress assignment, realizational differences, academic banter, Scottish English, English Phonemes, Standard English
Phonology
• Phonetics -- What are the sounds? How are they made in the mouth? • Phonology -- How do sounds combine? How are they memorized?
Speaker's Mind → Speaker's Mouth → Listener's Ear → Listener's Mind
We will write rules to connect the Mind and Mouth.
Phonemes
The amazing discovery is that people systematically ignore certain properties of sounds. They perceive two different sounds as the same sound. We call the stored versions of speech sounds phonemes. Thus phonemes are the phonetic alphabet of the mind. That is, phonemes are how we mentally represent speech; how we store the sounds of words in our memory.
Though the phonetic alphabet is universal (we can write down the speech sounds actually uttered in any language), the phonemic alphabet varies from language to language. For example, English has no memorized front rounded vowels like German or French, and French has no [θ]. This leads to seeming contradictions when we consider both actual productions of speech sounds as well as their memorized representations. English has no memorized nasal vowels, but English speakers do make nasalized vowels when vowels and nasal consonants come together in speech. The changes between memory and pronunciation are what we will be discovering in this section of the course
Finding Phonemes
How do we find out what's in someone's mind?
How do we figure out how people store the sounds of words in their memories?
One trick that we can use is to look for minimal pairs of words. A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which differ in only one sound. Since the difference between the two sounds is meaningful, the words must be
Key Phrases: word stress assignment, realizational differences, academic banter, Scottish English, English Phonemes, Standard English
Phonology
• Phonetics -- What are the sounds? How are they made in the mouth? • Phonology -- How do sounds combine? How are they memorized?
Speaker's Mind → Speaker's Mouth → Listener's Ear → Listener's Mind
We will write rules to connect the Mind and Mouth.
Phonemes
The amazing discovery is that people systematically ignore certain properties of sounds. They perceive two different sounds as the same sound. We call the stored versions of speech sounds phonemes. Thus phonemes are the phonetic alphabet of the mind. That is, phonemes are how we mentally represent speech; how we store the sounds of words in our memory.
Though the phonetic alphabet is universal (we can write down the speech sounds actually uttered in any language), the phonemic alphabet varies from language to language. For example, English has no memorized front rounded vowels like German or French, and French has no [θ]. This leads to seeming contradictions when we consider both actual productions of speech sounds as well as their memorized representations. English has no memorized nasal vowels, but English speakers do make nasalized vowels when vowels and nasal consonants come together in speech. The changes between memory and pronunciation are what we will be discovering in this section of the course
Finding Phonemes
How do we find out what's in someone's mind?
How do we figure out how people store the sounds of words in their memories?
One trick that we can use is to look for minimal pairs of words. A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which differ in only one sound. Since the difference between the two sounds is meaningful, the words must be