Logic
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC
What Is Logic? ................................................................................................... 2 Inferences And Arguments ................................................................................ 2 Deductive Logic Versus Inductive Logic .......................................................... 5 Statements Versus Propositions......................................................................... 6 Form Versus Content ......................................................................................... 7 Preliminary Definitions...................................................................................... 9 Form And Content In Syllogistic Logic .......................................................... 11 Demonstrating Invalidity Using The Method Of Counterexamples ............... 13 Examples Of Valid Arguments In Syllogistic Logic....................................... 20 Exercises For Chapter 1 ................................................................................... 23 Answers To Exercises For Chapter 1 .............................................................. 27
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Hardegree, Symbolic Logic
1.
WHAT IS LOGIC?
Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology. Rather, logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the science of reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned with the actual mental (or physical) process employed by a thinking being when it is reasoning. The investigation of the actual reasoning process falls more appropriately within the province of psychology, neurophysiology, or cybernetics. Even if these empirical disciplines were considerably more advanced than they presently are, the most they could disclose is the exact process that
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LOGIC
What Is Logic? ................................................................................................... 2 Inferences And Arguments ................................................................................ 2 Deductive Logic Versus Inductive Logic .......................................................... 5 Statements Versus Propositions......................................................................... 6 Form Versus Content ......................................................................................... 7 Preliminary Definitions...................................................................................... 9 Form And Content In Syllogistic Logic .......................................................... 11 Demonstrating Invalidity Using The Method Of Counterexamples ............... 13 Examples Of Valid Arguments In Syllogistic Logic....................................... 20 Exercises For Chapter 1 ................................................................................... 23 Answers To Exercises For Chapter 1 .............................................................. 27
2
Hardegree, Symbolic Logic
1.
WHAT IS LOGIC?
Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology. Rather, logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the science of reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned with the actual mental (or physical) process employed by a thinking being when it is reasoning. The investigation of the actual reasoning process falls more appropriately within the province of psychology, neurophysiology, or cybernetics. Even if these empirical disciplines were considerably more advanced than they presently are, the most they could disclose is the exact process that