Luggers and Butchers

Lugger and Butcher Case

Introduction

In this case there is an involvement of two departments Luggers and Butchers. These two departments were under Food Merchandising Corporation. This corporation had one of its ware houses in Northern New Jersey. As this is a huge corporation the whole company was dividing among these two departments. The main operation of this warehouse which consists of these two departments was to stock goods and then ship to various stores. The Butcher department (meat department) has to take care of all packaging. This department packaged meats, whole sale cuts of lambs, veal and beef. Beef was supposed to be the most expensive commodity by rail or road truck. The beef arrived was two hind quarters and two fore quarters and the weigh was two hundred pounds. The main problem was getting these pieces off the trucks and then places them in the ware house. In this case at the starting there was the problem with Butcher department but later on it changed to Lugger department.
There are several issues in this case that can be resolved by implementing proper managing tools in this organization. The following are some of the most common issues occurred in this case and their effect to Luggers and Butchers.
The issues that are involved in this organization are
1) Lack of co-ordination support
2) Assignment of Jobs
3) Dissimilarity between workers in different departments
4) Poor leadership
5) Ineffective use of technology
6) Micromanagement
7) Lacking in communication
8) Switching Jobs
9) Poor quality management.
Some of the most common remedies that can be used in this case are
1) Enrichment of jobs
2) Increasing communication segment
3) Effective use of time
4) Performance appraisal for every change in the system.
The detailed analysis of the issues involved in Luggers and Butchers are given below
Lack of co-ordination support
This is the common word used in any working environment. As any firm or any company consists of many departments, there should be some kind of co-ordination between these departments for proper functioning of the company. If these departments are not designed synchronously then it will lead to several problems in the company. The most common problem that is caused by lack-of coordination support is unable to complete work on time. The problems associated with lack of co-ordination support are-
1) More time is required to complete the task
2) It leads to serious conflicts
( Calderwood, K. (2008)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
At the early phase of this case it shows us that Luggers were the people who demanded physical strength at their work where as butchers remained in the job only in their working hours. Their job involved less stress and also less physical strength was involved in those jobs. The Butchers job was fully refined and they followed a series of steps in their jobs. On Contrary to this the Luggers have to be made available for any job that their department needs at any time. All this is due to lack of co-ordination support from their fellow department that is Butchers department. This happened vice versa in the last part of this case because of poor leadership.
Applying coordination in Luggers and Butcher Case
It is the simple step which means that everything should be coordinated. As by the word co-ordinate it can make things put in the same order, rank and sometimes dignity also plays an important role. It can act as a form of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as, a coordination of functions.
Luggers are people who are involved in heavy work jobs and Butchers enjoy themselves of just doing the same old job for many years. This clearly states us that there is no coordination between these two departments. Even these departments are different but can be united by following simple logistics. It can be as follows
(van Laere, J. (2006)
1) Luggers and Butchers should be given job at the same time. This means that Luggers and butchers both should be made available at the same designed working hours.
2) Though loading is a difficult job for Luggers , they can still have the right to enjoy some part of the life with their family by giving them freedom of doing job in the night or day shifts.
3) Luggers at the same time should think positive and look forward for merger between these departments.
Stress
In today’s world the word stress has got many meanings. The stress is more commonly seen in work load atmosphere. In stress the employees feel frustrated and they have enormous pressure to work at the optimum levels at time. The rising expectations from the upper level managers also causes the employees to perform more and that creates stress, fatigue and many detrimental issues to the employees.
( De Bruin, G P. (2005)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
One of the issue that this organization faces is there is no obligatory measure used in assigning jobs. The jobs are placed on a random scale and one department was involved in heavy work load jobs and the other department was involved in fair enough less work load jobs. Though the employees in both these departments were well involved in their job activities and were friendly and respectable with each other. But on the other hand as because of the changes in technology this creates stress among these employees. This is the reason in the first phase of case the Luggers were faced with problem of work overload; in the remaining phase Butchers faced the same problem.

Alternative
Stress plays a very deadly role in the work environment. It is very important to make a note of stress and try to solve in its first step. Some of the most common steps are
1) Learn the cause of stress and follow steps to avoid it.
2) Stay connected with internal emotional experience so that can appropriately manage own emotions.
3) Developing the capacity to meet challenges with humor. There is no better stress buster than a hardy laugh and nothing reduces stress quicker in the workplace than mutually shared humor.
4) Learn to navigate conflict by becoming a good listener and someone who can face conflict fearlessly with the expectation that differences resolved will strengthen the relationship.
( Nel, D. (2006)
In the present case there was a stressful atmosphere between Luggers and Butchers department. Luggers were stressed as their job status was ranked less than Butchers. On the other hand with the advent of technology Butchers were given least priority. In this case the employees of both these departments have faced stress in their work place. By applying some basic rules this stress can be reduced or eliminated in these departments.
1) Luggers must focus on their job and they should not bother about the rank. As the work process requires interdependency likewise it should be there in these two departments.
2) Luggers also played a good hide and seek with the new technology which just eliminated or reduced their work. This is hindering of own personal skills. They should work on the new technology as well as on their own credentials. This will boost their confidence and helps in reducing stress.
3) Butchers were stressed and as soon as they were given option they decided to move in Luggers department. This is not a good move as to escape from duties. Instead they should think positive and meet the challenges with good sense of humor.
4) Butcher department should stay interconnected between their employees and as well as with Luggers department employees and try to stop the conflict at its first step itself.
These are some of the ways that will reduce stress in these departments.
Dissimilarity between workers
Dissimilarity not necessary means the difference in color, age, sex. Sometimes over pushing duties also may result in dissimilarity. In this modern world every human being has the right to have their own rights and practice them according to his/ her desire. If the material position is overtaking the responsibilities then that comes under dissimilarity.
(Kalam, Z D. (2008)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
In this case the senior members of the department were given the option to select the type of job. This means they were given priority over other employees. This is the cause of conflict. It is true that respect, dignity should be given to senior employees but that doesn’t mean that other employees skills are just least bothered. This made the division of employees in these departments. It is hindering other person’s skills who knows more and can do better for the same department. Giving butchers day time jobs and involving Luggers in night shifts was also an issue in this case.

Alternative for eliminating dissimilarity in Luggers and Butchers Case
In this case the concept of dissimilarity exists in this case. Giving senior members the job priority is a good option, but it hinders the skills of other employees. There are certain areas in which these two departments were lacking. By making these grey areas out of the picture and making some proper measures to eliminate this dissimilarity can bring the confidence to both these departments. The areas where these two departments should work are
1) Prioritizing the employee based on the skills that he excels in any department.
2) Senior employees must be respected but should not overtake other emerging employee’s skills.
3) Making same law rules and regulations to both these departments.
4) Making involve in group meetings between these departments will help to generate a team atmosphere. A team formation will bring efficiency and accuracy to the results
In these ways these two departments can try to bring composure to their employees.
(Atkinson, L C. (1972)
Leadership
The term leadership describes a person possesing leadership characteristics. The leaders are the one that stands as a role model for the society. In work organizations the leaders form mission and vison of any work process. The leaders are very essential for any work environment.
(Schneider, M. (2002)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
In this case there are several issues that can be taken care if the leadership is handled by good and understanding personnel. In this case there are several leaders that involved in this case. Hank the foreman thinks that there is no control over luggers as their job is distributed and one cannot take record of their activities, where as the job of butchers is centralized and one can take a note of their jobs. This is not the way of good leadership. Next when Mr. Adams was given in charge for this company he listened to his supervisor where his supervisor only supports Luggers and even though butchers are involved in the job they are given least care. Brent the inventor of new technology for Luggers also was also not effective in solving the conflict between Luggers and butchers. Instead because of this technology (Piggy back) there was more fight between Luggers and Butchers.
Steps of effective leadership in this case Availability An important leadership skill is the ability to recognize needs and be able to respond to them quickly and in the moment. Approachability
A good leader is approachable and has an open door policy. Good leadership creates an environment where openness and honesty can occur in an atmosphere of fairness rather than judgment.
Appropriate use of authority
A good leader will not use their position of authority for self gratification and promotion or in a controlling and domineering manner. Successful leaders use their positional power with wisdom and sensitivity to the appropriateness of the circumstances.
Confidentiality
Good leaders conduct conferences and meetings in an atmosphere of trust. They display appropriate confidentiality and respect towards others and about others.
Self Motivation and Development
Good leaders set and use goals to motivate themselves and others. They understand the importance of personal and professional development. Successful leaders do what is necessary to upgrade their knowledge and skills and be on the cutting edge in their field. Successful leaders not only motivate themselves in personal development but also motivate those around them.
Maintaining Motivation and Team Spirit
A good leader provides incentives and motivators to improve the performance of their employees to challenge them to maintain quality results.
Clear Communication
A good leader is an excellent communicator. Their leadership involves communicating clearly the objectives and procedures required of a task. They set clear, attainable, and measurable goals.
( Staskeviciute, I. (2006)
Alternative for Luggers and Butchers Case
Leaders in this Luggers and Butchers case could have followed a single step of effective leadership qualities. If the leaders could know the cause of the problem between these two departments by applying their effective leadership strategies then the problem of conflict can be solved.
( Staskeviciute, I. (2006)
1) Leaders like Hank, Abrams could have made a clear cut in their strategies by giving employees duties that are effective in that organization.
2) One of the steps of effective leadership is taking decisions without the involvement of bias. This was lacked in leaders of both these departments.
3) Leaders have to implement new technologies at the right time. The technology or any tool must be effective to both these departments.
4) None of the leaders had the potential to drive ways which brings for the collaboration between these two departments.
Technology
The technology generally means invention of any new tool or any new ideas. It also means that new technology should adapt with the changes in the environment. The technology proves to bring positive results in the work place. If it is not able to bring these changes then it is ineffective technology.
( Alesi, P. (2008)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
There was a problem in this case between Luggers and Butchers. In the beginning both departments were working well and understanding their own responsibilities. But with the advent of new technology it created a problem, between these two departments. The Piggy back tools which made the Luggers lazy. Luggers capitalized on this invention whereas Butchers suffered a lot because of this invention.
Alternative
The technology should be made in such a way that it progresses in all sides of the organization. If it is bringing changes only in one phase of department and if it is depressing other department then it is not true technology development. The steps of effective technology which can be implemented in Luggers and Butchers department.
1) The new invention piggy back must help both these departments.
2) Luggers should need carrier tool (means the equipment which can lift heavy load), butchers need some changes in their cutting tools.
3) Luggers should be made to use piggy back only in accordance with the work load.
4) Role of change should be made in both these departments.
(Pokorny, S B. (2005)
Communication
Communication is the major tool in this modern world. We cannot convey or express our feelings without proper communication. In any dialgue or a debate communication is a major tool. The major and most important task for business professionals will be to express the ideas. Ideas expresses in various ways (Augusta C Yrie, Sandra Hartman, William P Galle. (2002). The communication has to be followed by following these major steps
1) Find out what our main issues are for communication.
2) Develop guidelines.
3) Always ask for a feed back.
( Reinsch, L. (1991)
In Luggers and Butchers Case
In the mentioned case throughout there was a problem. The main cause for this problem was ineffective communication. The two departments were not able to express their ideas between them and that caused the problem. As it can be said it was due to people working in these departments and also partly because of poor leadership. It is evident that new technology definitely motivates the workers, but in this case one department fully enjoyed their benefits and other departments were left with so many questions. For creating a better understanding though the employees were divided as club three and club six but also didn’t created much good impact on this organization. The Luggers enjoyed the benefits of old technology and they didn’t share with the remaining people of the other departments. When the people from butcher department moved into Luggers department they were not known how Luggers has divided their work. This created a tensed atmosphere in this organization. The leaders in this organization played a passive role in reducing thee problems.
Effective communication
Any conflict or any misunderstanding all happens because of communication. A true communication will have a sender and a receiver. In this case if there is no blockage then the message received will be clear.
In Luggers and Butchers Case
If effective communication has been followed in Lugger and Butcher case then it will lead to following results.
1) A proper communication involves collaboration of both these departments in making decisions.
2) A proper communication involves the employees of both these department to figure out the cause of the conflict between them.
3) Any change in any department or any technology should be made by meeting with the employees of both these departments.
4) Luggers and Butchers must form teams that can bring better understanding and can bring them together.
( Van Den Putte, B. (2005)
Micro management
Micro management absolute meaning is to observe things closely, to evaluate things, to manage a small portion of a larger process. Micromanagement is that process where the managers have all the authority to dictate things and they follow their own rules. Managers are not ready to change for any change in the environment. Micro management is the main showcase for all the conflicts. This is because no one will work properly if he feels that he/she is being observed.
( Moorhead, G. (1981)
Luggers and Butchers Case
In this case all the managers of this case played a passive role in bringing the employees together. Mr. Abrams one of the manager of listened to his supervisor in favor of Luggers than Butchers. Hank the foreman was very strict initially but later changed and never paid any attention to Luggers and butchers conflicting ideas. Luggers were not observed under his empire, only the butchers were knocked down at every instance. Brent the inventor of new technology also made way for Luggers disregarding butchers.
Alternative for Micro management
An effective and productive manager will bring progress to the organization. These managers will not only guide their employees but also appreciates them for innovative ideas. The manager can perform various approaches in order to reach these tasks. Some of the steps that can be followed are
(Pelling, M. (2002)
1) Hank the foreman should be authoritative in commanding ideas to both the Lugger and butcher department.
2) Abrams other manager should start thinking from his own, rather than depending on his supervisor.
3) The new technology inventor’s should make tools that can benefit both these departments.
Switching Jobs
Switching jobs is very uncertain phenomenon, but because of heavy work pressure and other causes this has become a trend in modern world. Some workers switch jobs to escape from duties and some becasue of ill treatments from other employees. And this is not a productive way of changing job. Butchers were involved in this issue that caused the cause of conflcit.
(Ohta, H. (2006)
Alternative for removing this effect
There are several ways where both these departemnts can find a way out of this situation. Some of its basic steps will be
1) Each department must be given benefits at their own place and that will not cause the people or employees to move from one other department.
2) Diffrentitating the job should not be the crtiteria , instead the quality should be given importance.
3) Income should not stand as a factor in deciding the status of any employee.
(TOMMASI, M. (2007)
Moslow’s Theory
Maslow’s theory states that it has a hierarchy of needs for human motivation. This theory is having 5 major categories they are
1) Physiological needs,
2) Safety needs.
3) Social needs
4) Esteem needs and Self actualization
Physiological needs:-
These needs are required to maintain and sustain life, such as food, air, water, sleep, shelter and physical survival. These are some of the basic needs and are necessary for the life to progress.
Safety needs
Safety needs are concerned with protection from danger, risk, uncertainty or threats to one’s person. Physical safety, situational stability, economic security, freedom from fear from anxiety, and the desire for order are example for general safety needs.
Social needs
This need states about the relationships with other people. It can include showing love, affection, kindness, nobleness, humbleness with other people. This need is fulfilled through family, friends, neighbors, and belonging to social groups.
Esteem needs
Esteem needs encapsulates the desires of a society. These desires can be desire for status, self-respect, adequacy, confidence, prestige.

Self-actualization needs
These needs are concerned with a person’s being all that he or she can be. These needs include personal growth, creativity, and realization of protection, autonomy, and intellectual vitality.
Applying Moslow’s theory in Luggers and Butchers Case
1) In both the Lugger and Butcher department the physiological needs can be satisfied if their employees were given accommodation and also good atmosphere to live in.
2) Both these department employees were not given any insurance. If insurance can be provided to the employees that will take care of their safety needs. The Luggers were involved in risky jobs of heavy lift loading whereas Butchers were dealing with all cutting tools. So to both these department employees the insurance can play an important role.
3) By being both these departments involved in decision process, or any other activities can take care of social needs. This will also improve communication between these departments.
4) Income should be paid according to their work. But also some kind of decency should be shown to senior and most valuable employees.
In these ways Moslow’s theory can be applied in Lugger and Butcher case.
Adams equity theory
According to equity theory, individuals are motivated by a comparison of their inputs versus their outcomes relative to the same ratio of others.

Lugger and Butcher Case
The Luggers are being assigned with other works when they get free times. The leisure has been cut off from butchers and also because of micro managerial issues there is always a conflict between Lugger and Butcher. If Luggers are motivated by giving jobs during day shifts and also by implementing a proper schedule plan will cumber some pressure to Lugger department. Butchers can be motivated by increasing their pay rate. In both departments money can be proved to be a motivating factor.
Some other factors that can be made suitable according to this case are
1) Empowerment
2) Involvement of every management (top, bottom, middle)
3) Organizational culture
4) Performance related feed back
Empowerment
The terms empower means as a process where the work is self initiated or initiated by others. It is a step by step process and it enhances the power that is available to distribute it.
Developing team integrity
This is done through proper involvement of all the employees in the organization. All the employees are made to participate in the decision process which will eliminate bias of any kind in the organization. Because dignity is very important in the today’s world so respect ones position and views.
Lugger and Butcher Case
Some of the steps that can be applied in this case which will develop integrity are as follows
1) Luggers and Butchers can be motivated to form team. This will help them to be united and share their ideas.
2) Integrity involves respect, dignity and mutual involvement. As in Luggers department they were divided into old and new, and also new members were given least importance. If these employees work in a team than one cannot degrade other values.
3) If all employees work in a team then it is easy to analyze strengths and weakness of one’s employee and that can progress that organization.
4) In teams there are less chances of giving biased decision.
5) The new tool can be made available to both the departments.
These are some of the ways in which Lugger and Butcher department can enjoy their respect and dignity in their departments.
(White, D. (2008)
Management involvement
Management should be involved in each and every step of the organizational. Top management will create a feeling among employees about their importance, which increases their self-commitment. The managerial skills are very essential in any case or for an organization because if the manager knows the weakness and strengths of the employees then only he will be able to assign them work accordingly. The middle management can stand as a carrier between top and bottom management where as the bottom management serves as the purpose of collecting data.
(White, D. (2008)
Organizational involvement and motivation
Organization should be made in such a way that it is providing innovative as well as encouraging ideas to their working employees. Every human needs some sort of recognition and encouragement to do their future activities. Motivate every employee to that extent that every person in the organization feel as their own.
(Gang, G. (2007)
Luggers and Butchers Case
In the present case two employees made an invention which was very well supportive to Lugger department. Any invention has to be made public to all the organization. If managers involved in this organization would have appreciated their idea then they could be fruitful results to the organization. Luggers and butchers also misunderstood themselves because of this invention. So the need of hour is to motivate the employees of both these departments to communicate between them.
Performance related Feedback
If the employees are rated according to their work then it is positive feed back. The feed back is a motivating tool in most of the organizations. Performance does not necessarily means the output of any result. It counts the attitude, behavior, accuracy of the employees activities. Effective feed back will produce results that are desirable and suitable for performance activities.
(Slowiak, J M. (2005)
Lugger and Butcher Case
By employing performance related feedback system in these departments can definitely drive some points out of this case. Some of the advantages of this system in this case will be as follows
1) Both these departments with the help of feed back system can come to one common solution.
2) Performance appraisal evaluates the employees based on their work. This can be a motivating tool to the employees.
3) Income can also play an important role in increasing their performance level of employees.
4) Employees can be give incentive plans which will also create great help to these departments.
5) Leaders can make an evaluation sheet to record the activities of each employee. This can help in deciding the work among the employees.
These are some of the common steps that can be practiced in Lugger and Butcher case to form a relationship between these departments.
Role of people in an organization
People in an organization should be made to listen to each other problems. If the employees know their role in the organization then this will produce better results. Each employee should have their identity and know their responsibilities. This is done through effective leadership.
(Rummery, K. (2000)
Lugger and Butcher Case
As every organization involves people, in this case there is an involvement of employee that is working in different departments. The main division of people is Luggers, Butchers, and Leaders.
1) Luggers are the people who are involved in heavy lifting jobs. These department employees focus on their rank. This is not a good way to approach and they should think of their work.
2) Butchers are really worried about their income. This is not appropriate as pay depends on their performance. They should think positive and think that if their work demands increase pay then organization will definitely help them in achieving it.
3) Leaders in these departments must focus on bringing these department employees together.
These are some of the ways by which people can bring an important change in the organization.
Recommendations for this Case
It is obvious that any organization mainly concentrates on its goal and objectives. In order to reach that goals and objectives organizations involve in several tasks. Some of the managerial strategies that can be applied in this case are as follows
1) From this case it is evident that in Lugger and Butcher department there was improper communication. If the employees in this organization work on improving communication skills then the issue of income and stress can be handled out.
2) If employees learn from the mistakes occurred in the present organization then it will definitely reflect in achieving good results in future.
( Palmunen, A. (2005).
3) Applying performance appraisal at every instance will generate innovative ideas from employees. Employees can be made to work individually and collectively in order to reach their designed tasks.
(Henry, K K. (2006)
4) Maintaining a goal line and developing methods to achieve it can also progress the organization.
(Kozlowski, S W. (2006)

References
Ales, P. (2008). Building enterprise-wide resilience by integrating business continuity capability into day-to-day business culture and technology. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 2(3), 214-219.

Atkinson, L C. (1972). The prospect of equality of incomes between white and black families under varying rates of unemployment. The Journal of human resources, 7(4), 545-553.

Calderwood, K. (2008). The views of consumers and frontline workers regarding coordination among addiction and mental health services. Mental Health and Substance Use: dual diagnosis, 1(1), 21- 24.

De Bruin, G P. (2005). Development of the sources of work stress inventory. South African journal of psychology, 35(4), 748-751.

Gang, G. (2007). Organizational Involvement and Political Participation in China. Comparative political studies, 40(4), 457-459

Henry, K. (2006). The building blocks for social and emotional learning: Developing a manual for conducting a social skills group for preschoolers. Dissertation abstracts international, 67(5), 1164- 1174

Kalama, Z D. (2008). Effects of similarity-dissimilarity, team cohesion, and hospital cross-functional team effectiveness on organizational performance. Dissertation abstracts international, 69(3), 1064-1066.

Kozlowski, S W. (2006). Disentangling Achievement Orientation and Goal Setting: Effects on Self-Regulatory Processes. Journal of applied psychology, 91(4), 900- 908.

Moorhead, G. (1981). Organizational Analysis: An Integration of the Macro and Micro Approaches. The Journal of management studies, 18(2), 191-199.

Nel, D. (2006). The Use of Play Therapy Mediums in a Stress Management Program with Corporate Employees. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 22(1), 33-36.

Ohta, H. (2006). A heuristic job-shop scheduling algorithm to minimize the total holding cost of completed and in-process products subject to no tardy jobs. International journal of production economics, 101(1), 19-22.

Pelling, M. (2002). The macro-economic impact of disasters. Progress in development studies, 2(4), 283-291

Pokorny, S B. (2005). Efficient and Effective Uses of Technology in Community Research. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 29(1/2), 7- 10.

Reins, L. (1991). Editorial: What is business communication?. The Journal of business communication, 28(4), 305- 309

Rummery, K. (2000). Access to Services as a Civil and Social Rights Issue: The Role of Welfare Professionals in Regulating Access to and Commissioning Services for Disabled and Older People under New Labor. Social policy & administration, 34(5), 529-543.

Schneider, M. (2002). A Stakeholder Model of Organizational Leadership. Organization science, 13(2), 209-221

Slowiak, J M. (2005). The Effects of a Combined Task Clarification, Goal Setting, Feedback, and Performance Contingent Consequence Intervention Package on Telephone Customer Service in a Medical Clinic Environment. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 25(4), 15- 24.

Staskeviciute, I. (2006). Applying the Principles of Organizational Intelligence in University Strategies. Engineering Economics. 48(3), 63-77

TOMMASI, M. (2007). Centralization vs. Decentralization: A Principal-Agent Analysis. Journal of public economic theory, 9(2), 369- 381.

Van Den Puttee, B. (2005). Developing Successful Communication Strategies: A Test of an Integrated Framework for Effective Communication. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2399- 2349.

Van Laree, J. (2006). A social simulation-game to explore future co-ordination in knowledge networks at the Amsterdam Police Force. Production planning & control, 17(6), 558- 569.

White, D. (2008). The Impact of Perceived Leader Integrity on Subordinates in a Work Team Environment. Journal of business ethics, 81(4), 765- 789.

References: Ales, P. (2008). Building enterprise-wide resilience by integrating business continuity capability into day-to-day business culture and technology. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 2(3), 214-219. Atkinson, L C. (1972). The prospect of equality of incomes between white and black families under varying rates of unemployment. The Journal of human resources, 7(4), 545-553. Calderwood, K. (2008). The views of consumers and frontline workers regarding coordination among addiction and mental health services. Mental Health and Substance Use: dual diagnosis, 1(1), 21- 24. De Bruin, G P. (2005). Development of the sources of work stress inventory. South African journal of psychology, 35(4), 748-751. Gang, G. (2007). Organizational Involvement and Political Participation in China. Comparative political studies, 40(4), 457-459 Henry, K Kalama, Z D. (2008). Effects of similarity-dissimilarity, team cohesion, and hospital cross-functional team effectiveness on organizational performance. Dissertation abstracts international, 69(3), 1064-1066. Kozlowski, S W. (2006). Disentangling Achievement Orientation and Goal Setting: Effects on Self-Regulatory Processes. Journal of applied psychology, 91(4), 900- 908. Moorhead, G. (1981). Organizational Analysis: An Integration of the Macro and Micro Approaches. The Journal of management studies, 18(2), 191-199. Nel, D. (2006). The Use of Play Therapy Mediums in a Stress Management Program with Corporate Employees. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 22(1), 33-36. Ohta, H. (2006). A heuristic job-shop scheduling algorithm to minimize the total holding cost of completed and in-process products subject to no tardy jobs. International journal of production economics, 101(1), 19-22. Pelling, M. (2002). The macro-economic impact of disasters. Progress in development studies, 2(4), 283-291 Pokorny, S B Reins, L. (1991). Editorial: What is business communication?. The Journal of business communication, 28(4), 305- 309 Rummery, K Schneider, M. (2002). A Stakeholder Model of Organizational Leadership. Organization science, 13(2), 209-221 Slowiak, J M Staskeviciute, I. (2006). Applying the Principles of Organizational Intelligence in University Strategies. Engineering Economics. 48(3), 63-77 TOMMASI, M Van Den Puttee, B. (2005). Developing Successful Communication Strategies: A Test of an Integrated Framework for Effective Communication. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2399- 2349. Van Laree, J. (2006). A social simulation-game to explore future co-ordination in knowledge networks at the Amsterdam Police Force. Production planning & control, 17(6), 558- 569. White, D. (2008). The Impact of Perceived Leader Integrity on Subordinates in a Work Team Environment. Journal of business ethics, 81(4), 765- 789.