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Chapter 4
Learning and Remembering Effectively
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Information Processing Model
Principles of Memory

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand the flow of information through the information processing model.
2. Explain how the three memory systems work to process information.
3. Understand the various techniques to access information from memory.
4. Identify the 12 Principles of Memory.
5. Explain how to use the 12 Principles of Memory.

Information Processing Model
• Metacognition is the process of understanding how you learn, what you need to learn, and which strategies or techniques would be the most effective or the best matched to the learning task.
• Understanding the Information Processing Model is the first step in learning to use the powerful process of metacognition.
• The Information Processing Model shows how our mind processes information and how our memory works.
• The Information Processing Model has three memory centers: sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Each performs specific functions.
• The diagram below shows the Information Processing Model.

Sensory Input
Refers to all the sensory stimuli from the physical world that we receive through our five senses –
Sensory Memory
Is the temporary storage center that receives and holds sensory input for one or two seconds before beginning to encode the information for further processing. Information that you do not attend to fades or becomes discarded quickly.
Codes and Encoding
Once information is received from your senses, your brain begins to prepare the information for your memory systems by encoding the information. Encoding is the process of attaching codes to stimuli so your long-term memory can accept, understand, use and store the sensory information.
Linguistic, visual, motor and semantic codes are four common codes that may be used to prepare sensory information for processing.
Selective