Nationalism: Revolutions of 1848 and Italian Unification- Unification
Question: Compare and contrast the role that nationalism played in Italy, Germany, and Austria in the years between 1848 and 1871.
• Italy
Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 o Austrian Forces were driven out of Northern Italy and Mazzini established the Roman Republic in 1849. o Failure of Italian revolutionaries to work together resulted in Austria and France taking control of Italy.
Italian Unification o Italian Unification- unification movement in Italy shifted to Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel, Count Cavour, and Garibaldi.
• In response, the Italians replaced realpolitik instead of romanticism. o Count Camillo Benso di Cavour of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian Unification. o Editor of Il Risorigimento guided Sardinia-Piedmont into a liberal and economically viable state. o The Law of Convents and Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church.
• In response, Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors that warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of the church and state, and religious liberty. o Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and Sicily and in May 1860.
• Germany and Austria Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 o Nationalists and liberals of the Frankfurt Parliament failed to get support of Prussian king, Fredrick William IV, for a unified Germany.
• Humiliation of Olmutz- Fredrick William IV proposed a plan for Germany unity. Austria would a plan for German unity only if Prussia accepted the leadership of the German Bund, which is dominated by Austria. Austria did not accept its lost of sovereignty and stepped back.
German Unification o Zollverein, German customs union in 1734, is the biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria. o Kleindeutsch Plan is a plan of a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states. o Otto von Bismarck led the drive for a
• Italy
Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 o Austrian Forces were driven out of Northern Italy and Mazzini established the Roman Republic in 1849. o Failure of Italian revolutionaries to work together resulted in Austria and France taking control of Italy.
Italian Unification o Italian Unification- unification movement in Italy shifted to Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel, Count Cavour, and Garibaldi.
• In response, the Italians replaced realpolitik instead of romanticism. o Count Camillo Benso di Cavour of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian Unification. o Editor of Il Risorigimento guided Sardinia-Piedmont into a liberal and economically viable state. o The Law of Convents and Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church.
• In response, Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors that warned Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of the church and state, and religious liberty. o Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and Sicily and in May 1860.
• Germany and Austria Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 o Nationalists and liberals of the Frankfurt Parliament failed to get support of Prussian king, Fredrick William IV, for a unified Germany.
• Humiliation of Olmutz- Fredrick William IV proposed a plan for Germany unity. Austria would a plan for German unity only if Prussia accepted the leadership of the German Bund, which is dominated by Austria. Austria did not accept its lost of sovereignty and stepped back.
German Unification o Zollverein, German customs union in 1734, is the biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria. o Kleindeutsch Plan is a plan of a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states. o Otto von Bismarck led the drive for a