no smoking policy

TITLE: Effectiveness in the Implementation of no smoking policy in Olivarez College Tagaytay and other hazards of smoking.

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
A. Background of the Study
Smoking is one of the causes of the death of many Filipino. It gives different smoking-related diseases. On a daily basis, 240 Filipinos die because of these smoking-related diseases such as heart failure, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This accounts for 87,600 deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year (World Health Organization [WHO], 2009)
With these alarming statistics, a number of anti-smoking campaigns are being implemented. Olivarez College Tagaytay (OCT) integrates no smoking policy in their school premises for the protection of the students against the hazards of smoking. The main goal of the campaigns and policy is to promote a healthy norm that can lead to a reduction in smoking prevalence. In addition, these policies have the potential to reduce exposure in Secondhand Smoke and to Outdoor Tobacco Smoke.
The adoption of the no smoking policy is not sufficient to improve health outcomes. Effective implementation is also imperative. Implementation is the stage in the policy process that takes place after a policy is enacted. Effective implementation of a no smoking policy encompasses multiple factors, ranging from management commitment to the policy, to preparation, to compliance with and strict monitoring of the policy in the schools.
The researchers made a study on how many OCT students are aware about the effectiveness of the no smoking policy in Olivarez College Tagaytay. Its purpose was to assess the number of students specially those smokers who has knowledge on its accuracy about the implementation of the policy thereof.
B. Review to Related Studies
Nowadays it was difficult to ignore the number of youth and students smokers. Because of the diseases smoking can cause, it becomes a threat to public health. Hence, the public must prioritize decreasing smoking prevalence. The youth’s inherent characteristic of curiosity makes them prone to try smoking. Proper education and strictly guiding are needed to protect the youth from the hazards smoking imposes. In order to delve deeper on the study, here are some review of related literature done by the researchers.
1. Smoking Hazards
Tobacco product is defined as any manufactured product made of leaf tobacco that is used for smoking, sucking, chewing, or snuffing (WHO FCTC, 2005). There are three types of tobacco preparation. The first one is the roll of tobacco which is smoked. Cigarette is the best example of this. The second type is pipe like water pipes. The third is the oral preparation which is chewed, held in mouth or placed in nose. Examples are snuff, betel and quid (WHO, 2006). Tobacco contains nicotine and many carcinogens. That is why it is an addictive plant (WHO, 2006).
Scientific evidences show that the consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke cause these three: (1) Death, (2) Disease, and (3) Disability. Aside from this, it has been found out that there is a time interval between the exposure to smoking and the start of tobacco-related diseases (WHO FCTC, 2005).

Cigarettes are considered to be among the most deadly and addictive products made by men. If the users will smoke cigarettes according to the intention of the cigarettes manufacturers, cigarette smoking can kill half of its users (WHO, 2006). On the other hand, it’s not only the tobacco consumers who are susceptible to its negative effects. The second-hand tobacco smoke which is also known as passive smoking has exposed millions of people including half of the world’s children to the negative effects of tobacco consumption. Evidences link second-hand smoking to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer and other cancer, asthma and other respiratory diseases, ear infection and sudden infant death syndrome in children. The above mentioned diseases are but a few of second-hand smoking’s harmful effects (WHO, 2006).
The tobacco epidemic is rising rapidly hence the regulation of tobacco products is critical. All tobacco products can cause disease and death aside from the fact that they are harmful and addictive (WHO, 2006).
Tobacco consumption has harmful effects to smokers and non-smokers. It is harmful to children causing them to have respiratory problems and other health problems (USDHHS, 2000). Annually, secondhand smoke causes an estimated 3000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 coronary heart disease deaths in California (NCI, 1999).
All tobacco products are dangerous and addictive. Government effort should be made to discourage the use of tobacco in any forms as well as to raise awareness about its harmful and deadly effects (WHO, 2006). However, in order to maintain profit, tobacco companies continue to develop new products. These companies cover the tobacco products’ harmful effects by portraying tobacco products as attractive and less harmful (WHO, 2006).
2. Other Information about Smoking
Parental expectations that their child will avoid smoking have been shown to affect levels of adolescent cigarette use. Among those polled in the WHO survey (1997) out of the 68% of students who never tried smoking, most (86 %) were told by parents never to smoke. In comparison of those who had smoked, almost one-third said their parents never discussed smoking with them. Indeed, parents play a significant role in influencing their children. Parental guidance is needed to regulate behavior of the youth and to protect them from the hazards of the environment. On the other hand, the school also affects the youth smoking prevalence (Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS], 2007). In Canada, three quarters (76%) of their youths reported that their schools had taught them about the health effects of smoking. In Quebec, 64% of their youths reported that they were receiving smoking school-based education (Youth Smoking Survey, 1997).
In the Philippines, according to GYTS (2007), majority of the youth received teachings about the dangers of smoking in their schools but the survey did not include the details of the curriculum and how it was taught. The survey also found out that majority of the youth smokers wanted to stop smoking. However, there were no concrete programs available in schools to help the current youth smokers to stop. There are policies but it was not strictly implemented.
The youths’ smoking behavior especially the male ones was influenced by their smoking friends. Smoking was said to be primarily a male behavior. This was evident in Southeast Asian men who were found out to have the highest reporting rates in the U.S (Grace, Maa, Steven, Shiveb, YinTan, Jamil et al, 2005).
There are laws made in different countries in order to regulate tobacco consumption and its epidemics. In Australia, a law mandated health warning labels in 1995. Through this law, the smokers became more knowledgeable than the non-smokers when it came to smoking-related disease and tobacco components (Borland, 1997).
The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires every party involved in it to implement health warnings on all tobacco product packaging (FCTC, 2003).
The Philippines is part of the WHO FCTC. The Republic Act of 9211(RA 9211) or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 has been made but poorly implemented. In 2007, the National Tobacco Prevention Control Program (Administrative Order 2001-004) has been established by the Department of Health (DOH). In 2008, a total ban of tobacco advertising in mass media except point of sale advertisement was implemented (WHO, 2006).
According to the Philippine GYTS (2007), the enforcement made by the Philippine local government officials of the National Tobacco Laws and the WHO-FCTC was “poor”. Despite of the strong national government and NGO’s efforts in advocating full implementation of the anti-smoking laws, there was still lack of political will, monitoring, and reporting guidelines for the offenders of these anti-smoking laws.
3. Attitudes and Perceptions about Smoking
Although effective implementation is important, it is a frequently neglected stage of the policy process. There is little in the literature about no smoking campus policy implementation, and there is currently no standard method for measuring implementation effectiveness of these policies. Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework shows promise as a tool to guide measurement of no smoking policy implementation effectiveness. The framework has been used to guide the study of tobacco control policies. In addition, the IAD is applicable to both voluntary and public policies.
A study (Brenda, 2008) of nursing students revealed that the smoking behaviors of the nursing students affected their beliefs about smoking. Results showed that the smoking status of students was a perceived barrier in giving cessation intervention. One of the major findings of the study was the significant differences among the beliefs about smoking of the student smokers and student non-smokers. Smokers and occasional smokers reported higher agreement with the smoking positive aspects that it brought pleasures. When it comes to smoking negative aspects, the non-smokers reported more agreement. This was attributed to the non-smokers’ motivation not to smoke while the smokers might deny the negative aspects of smoking in choosing to use tobacco products.
A smoker with lower levels of knowledge about the health dangers of smoking is associated with their positive attitudes toward smoking (Shankar, Gutierrez, Mohamed, & Alberg, 2000; Wiecha et al., 1998). For comparison among Asian American subgroups, regardless of smoking status, Koreans were aware that smoking was detrimental to health especially to the lungs (Kim et al., 2000). They had more negative perceptions toward smoking compare to Chinese (Averbanch et al., 2002; Yu et al, 2002).
It was said that beliefs became part of a person’s system and these beliefs influenced the person’s choices and behaviors. Occasional smokers do not smoke daily, or if they smoke they smoke just a few. A study (Hammond, 2008) showed that most smokers perceive themselves having lesser risk than other smokers.
C. Synthesis
Smoking in adolescence could be associated with stress, risk and rebellion and body image (Lloyd and Lucas, 1998; Lotecka and Lassleben, 1981; Eysenck and Eysenck, 1975). Smoking also gave a sense of adulthood (Heaven, 1996). Smoking advertisements, on the other hand, could affect smokers by convincing them of the pleasure smoking could give (Fine, 1972).
Education about smoking was related with the higher educational level a person had attained (Ma, Tan, Freely &Thomas, 2002; Ma, Shive, Tan & Toubbeh, 2002; Grace, Maa, Steven, Shiveb, YinTan, Jamil et al, 2005). Age also linked with the amount of knowledge about smoking (Canadian Youth Smoking Survey, 1994).
Smoking was a serious health topic that had been widely studied because of its effect in health and environment. The World Health Organization or WHO conducted studies on tobacco products, preparation and chemicals it contained (WHO, 2005 and 2006). Cigarettes could kill half of its users making it one of the most deadly and addictive products made by men (WHO, 2006). Smoking-related diseases that eventually led to death were widely reviewed (WHO, 2006). Tobacco epidemic was rising rapidly and the increasing consumption of tobacco products would result to addiction (WHO, 2006). Adolescent smoking was prevalent nowadays and smokers start to smoke even in younger age (Philippine GYTS, 2007).Facts about smoking called on the government to make possible actions for the regulation of smoking (WHO, 2006).
D. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

E. Statement of the Problem
It is important to know their exposure to the current no smoking policy, because of the prevalence of smoking in the youth sector nowadays, that help minimize the number of youth who are smoking. Hence the research problem and objectives will be:
1. Research Problem
How many are aware among the OCT students about the schools no smoking policy? And how many OCT students know about the hazards of smoking?
2. General Objectives
2.1 To determine and have knowledge about the OCT no smoking policy.
2.2 To determine the hazards from using cigarette.
3. Specific Objectives
3.1 To determine the total number of OCT students who are aware about the school no smoking policy.
3.2 To determine the number of students who has knowledge about hazards from cigarette.
3.3 To determine how many students are secondhand smokers.
3.4 To determine the percentage of male and female smokers.
3.5 To determine the totality of OCT students who smoke inside and outside the school premises.
F. Hypothesis
According to the Mere Exposure Theory (Zajonc, 1968), the more you are exposed to a particular thing, the more you become familiar with it and there will be a tendency that you will like it. The exposure to school strict implementation of no smoking policy can develop familiarity and likelihood which can necessarily affect the knowledge and awareness of the student. Knowledge and awareness are based on one’s own experience. Smokers and nonsmokers have significant differences in their beliefs about smoking. The other sources of information consisting mainly of significant others can also influence a person’s knowledge.
H1: If the OCT will strictly implement the no smoking policy in the school premises, most of the students will be familiar with the policy. Thus, it will less the number of the smokers as well as the secondhand smokers within the school premises.
Through effective implementation and strict monitoring of the students who violates the policy, time will come that OCT will become a hundred percent no smoking college.

H2: There will an increase number of the students who will be aware to the hazard brought by smoking.
Through this research study, youth and students will be familiar and will have an extra knowledge about the hazard and the effects of smoking not only to youths and students but also to every smokers and non-smokers.

G. Scope and Limitation
As stated in the general objectives, the study focused on the number of students who are aware to the effectiveness of the implementation of the no smoking policy in OCT and the number of students who has knowledge on the hazards from smoking. The study includes all OCT students’ smoker and non-smoker SY 2014-2015. Olivarez College Tagaytay is the venue where the policy implemented and the specific students there are the respondents. The Survey was the tool used to gather data. The structure of the questionnaire was designed to cover the variables within the objectives of the study. The focus group discussions included participants from the school where the survey was also conducted. This was for the comfort of finding readily available students. The researchers found it difficult because some of the students are not willing to answer. Other questions are leaved blank. There are also students who are active in participating.
H. Significance of the Study
In the Philippines, there are 17% or 4 million Filipino youth with ages 13-15 years who are already smoking. Of these early starters, 2.8 million are boys and 1.2 million are girls (Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS], 2007). This is a serious issue that must be given attention. Survey results show that boys are most likely to start smoking during their high school days. Thus, this study focuses on the college students.
Moreover, OCT’s no smoking policy provides knowledge that are very vital in persuading students to not smoke. Hence, the researchers want to know the total number of students who are aware to this policy.
This study is a significant endeavor in promoting public health and proper law implementation of RA 9211 among the youth today. Hence, the knowledge of the students about the dangers of smoking and the smoking law is determined in this study. It is known that cigarettes can be purchased in nearby stores. Cigarette vendors openly sell cigarettes in streets and sidewalks near OCT. This kind of strategy makes it easy for the students to buy a stick violating a section in RA 9211 that prohibits selling of cigarettes within the 100 meter perimeter of the school. The study through the awareness of the students on where to buy cigarettes provides incidental data if this law is followed.
I. Definition Of Terms
1. Student/s -term to address the Olivarez College Tagaytay students for the purpose of this study
2. No Smoking Policy –this was one of the Olivarez College Tagaytay school policy that promote 'no-smoking' to the faculty and students.
3. Hazards/Dangers of smoking- negative consequences of smoking to people and students.
4. Smoking-related diseases- diseases caused by smoking such as cancers, heart attack etc.
5. Familiarity to no smoking policy- frequency and exposure of time that the students have knowledge to no smoking policy
6. First-hand smoke- smoke inhaled by the smoker
7. Second-hand smoke- smoke inhaled by the person near a smoker
8. Third-hand smoke-smoke chemicals that remained after a cigarette/tobacco is extinguished
9. Smoking history- a person’s life that relates to smoking like age he started smoking or haven’t smoke at all, times he tries quitting, etc.