Ntpc Summer Report

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction 2. Installed capacity 3. Thermal power plant 4. NTPC thermal power station 5. Overview on Satellite Communication 6. OSI Models 7. References

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAKSHI GARG 3rd year student (Electrical and Electronic Branch) of SHARDA UNIVERSITY, Greater Noida has successfully completed her Industrial Training at NTPC Noida, for seven weeks from 10th June to 31th July, 2012. She has completed the whole training as per the training report submitted by her.

Training Incharge
NTPC/NOIDA
NEW DELHI

ABOUT NTPC

NTPC, the largest power utility in India, was setup in 1975 to accelerate power development in the country. It is among the world’s largest and most efficient power generation companies. NTPC ranked 317th in the 2009, Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the world’s biggest companies.

NTPC has installed capacity of over 31,000 MW. It has 15 coal based power stations, 7 gas based power stations and 4 power stations in joint ventures. The company has power generating facilities in all major regions of the country and has embarked on plans to become a 75,000 MW company by 2017.

To broad-base the business and also to ensure growth, diversification in the areas related to NTPC’s core business of power generation such as Hydro Power, Distribution, Trading, Coal mining, LNG etc. have been identified as priority areas. NTPC is also exploring possibilities to get into the field of Nuclear Power Generation.

Business Development

NTPC, with a rich experience of engineering, construction and 0peration of over 30,000 MW of thermal generating capacity, is the largest and one of the most efficient power companies in India, having operations that match the global standards.

Commensurate with our country’s growth challenges, NTPC has embarked upon an ambitious plan to attain a total installed capacity of 75,000 MW by 2017. Towards this end, NTPC has adopted a multi-pronged strategy such as Greenfield Projects, Brownfield Projects, Joint Venture and Acquisition route. Apart from this, NTPC has also adopted the Diversification Strategy in related business areas, such as, Services, Coal Mining, Power Trading, Power Exchange, Manufacturing to ensure robustness and growth of the company.

Vision and Mission

Vision

“To be the world’s largest and best power producer, powering India’s growth.”

Mission

“Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and contribute to society.”

Installed Capacity

Be it the generating capacity or plant performance or operational efficiency, NTPC’s Installed Capacity and performance depicts the company’s outstanding performance across a number of parametres. | NO. OF PLANTS | CAPACITY (MW) | NTPC Owned | Coal | 15 | 27,535 | Gas/Liquid Fuel | 7 | 3,955 | Total | 22 | 31,490 | Owned By JVs | Coal & Gas | 6 | 3,364 | Total | 28 | 34,854 | Regional Spread of Generating Facilities REGION | COAL | GAS | TOTAL | Northern | 8,015 | 2,312 | 10,327 | Western | 7,520 | 1,293 | 8,813 | Southern | 4,100 | 350 | 4,450 | Eastern | 7,900 | - | 7,900 | JVs | 1,424 | 1,940 | 3,364 | Total | 28,959 | 5,895 | 34,854 | | |

Coal Based Power Stations | |

With 15 coal based power stations, NTPC is the largest thermal power generating company in the country. The company has a coal based installed capacity of 27,535 MW. | COAL BASED(Owned by NTPC) | STATE | COMMISSIONED
CAPACITY(MW) | 1. | Singrauli | Uttar Pradesh | 2,000 | 2. | Korba | Chhattisgarh | 2,600 | 3. | Ramagundam | Andhra Pradesh | 2,600 | 4. | Farakka | West Bengal | 2,100 | 5. | Vindhyachal | Madhya Pradesh | 3,260 | 6. | Rihand | Uttar Pradesh | 2,000 | 7. | Kahalgaon | Bihar | 2,340 | 8. | NCTPP, Dadri | Uttar Pradesh | 1,820 | 9. | Talcher Kaniha | Orissa | 3,000 | 10. | Feroze Gandhi, Unchahar | Uttar Pradesh | 1,050 | 11. | Talcher Thermal | Orissa | 460 | 12. | Simhadri | Andhra Pradesh | 1,500 | 13. | Tanda | Uttar Pradesh | 440 | 14. | Badarpur | Delhi | 705 | 15. | Sipat-II | Chhattisgarh | 1,660 | Total | 27,535 | Coal Based Joint Ventures | COAL BASED (Owned by JVs) | STATE | COMMISSIONED CAPACITY | 1. | Durgapur | West Bengal | 120 | 2. | Rourkela | Orissa | 120 | 3. | Bhilai | Chhattisgarh | 574 | 4. | Kanti | Bihar | 110 | 5. | IGSTPP, Jhajjar | Haryana | 500 | Total | 1,424 | |

Gas/Liquid Fuel Based Power Stations | |

The details of NTPC gas based power stations is as follows | GAS BASED(Owned by NTPC) | STATE | COMMISSIONEDCAPACITY(MW) | 1. | Anta | Rajasthan | 413 | 2. | Auraiya | Uttar Pradesh | 652 | 3. | Kawas | Gujarat | 645 | 4. | Dadri | Uttar Pradesh | 817 | 5. | Jhanor-Gandhar | Gujarat | 648 | 6. | Rajiv Gandhi CCPP Kayamkulam | Kerala | 350 | 7. | Faridabad | Haryana | 430 | Total | 3,955 | Gas Based Joint Ventures: | COAL BASED (Owned by JVs) | STATE | COMMISSIONED CAPACITY | 1. | RGPPL | Maharashtra | 1940 | Total | 1940 | | Hydro Based Power Projects (Under Implementation) | |

NTPC has increased thrust on hydro development for a balanced portfolio for long term sustainability. The first step in this direction was taken by initiating investment in Koldam Hydro Electric Power Project located on Satluj river in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. Other hydro project under construction is Tapovan Vishnugad. On all these projects construction activities are in full swing. | HYDRO BASED | STATE | APPROVED
CAPACITY(MW) | 1. | Koldam (HEPP) | Himachal Pradesh | 800 | 2. | Tapovan Vishnugad (HEPP) | Uttarakhand | 520 | 3. | Singrauli CW Discharge(Small Hydro) | Uttar Pradesh | 8 | ot | 1,328 | |

Operations

In terms of operations, NTPC has always been considerably above the national average. The availability factor for coal based power stations has increased from 89.32% in 1998-99 to 91.62% in 2010-11, which compares favourably with international standards. The PLF has increased from 76.6% in 1998-99 to 88.29% during the year 2010-11.

The table below shows that while the installed capacity has increased by 73.33% in the last twelve years the generation has increased by 101.39%.

DESCRIPTION | UNIT | 1998-99 | 2010-11 | % OF INCREASE | Installed Capacity | MW | 17,786 | 30,830 | 73.33 | Generation | MUs | 1,09,505 | 2,20,540 | 101.39 |

* Excluding JVs and Subsidiaries
The table below shows the detailed operational performance of coal based stations over the years.

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COAL BASED NTPC STATIONS | | Generation(BU) | PLF(%) | Availability Factor(%) | | | | | | | | | | 2010-11 | 220.54 | 88.29 | 91.62 | | | | | | | | | | 2009-10 | 218.84 | 90.81 | 91.76 | | | | | | | | | | 2008-09 | 206.94 | 91.14 | 92.47 | | | | | | | | | | 2007-08 | 200.86 | 92.24 | 92.12 | | | | | | | | | | 2006-07 | 188.67 | 89.43 | 90.09 | | | | | | | | | | 2005-06 | 170.88 | 87.52 | 89.91 | | | | | | | | | | 2004-05 | 159.11 | 87.51 | 91.20 | | | | | | | | | | 2003-04 | 149.16 | 84.40 | 88.79 | | | | | | | | | | 2002-03 | 140.86 | 83.57 | 88.70 | | | | | | | | | | 2001-02 | 133.20 | 81.11 | 89.09 | | | | | | | | | | 2000-01 | 130.10 | 81.80 | 88.54 | | | | | | | | | | 1999-00 | 118.70 | 80.39 | 90.06 | | | | | | | | | | 1998-99 | 109.50 | 76.60 | 89.36 | | | | | | | | | |

Satellite Communication
High Power Amplifier
The high power amplifier (HPA) in an earth station facility provides the RF antenna that, when combined with the antenna gain, yields the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) required for the uplink to the satellite. The waveguide loss between the HPA and the antenna must be accounted for in the calculation of the EIRP.

Low Noise Amplifier
In a satellite communications system, the ground station receiving antenna will connect to a LNA. The LNA is needed because the received signal is weak; it is usually a little above the noise floor. Satellites have limited power, so they use low power transmitters. The satellites are also distant and suffer path loss; low earth orbit satellites might be 200 km away; a geosynchronous satellite is 35 786 km away. A larger ground antenna would give a stronger signal, but making a larger antenna can be more expensive than adding a LNA. The LNA boosts the antenna signal to compensate for the feedline losses going from the (outdoor) antenna to the (indoor) receiver. In many satellite reception systems, the LNA includes a frequency block downconverter that shifts the satellite downlink frequency (e.g., 11 GHz) that would have large feedline losses to a lower frequency (e.g., 1 GHz) with lower feedline losses. The LNA with downconverter is called a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). Satellite communications are usually done in the frequency range of 100 MHz (e.g. TIROS weather satellites) to tens of GHz (e.g., satellite television).

Router
A router is specialized computer connected to more than one network. A router runs software that allows the device to move data from one network to another. Routers operate at the network layer (OSI Model 's layer 3). The primary function of a router is to connect networks together and keep certain kinds of broadcast traffic under control. There are several companies that make routers: Cisco (Linksys), Juniper, Nortel (Bay Networks), Red back, Lucent, 3Com, and HP just to name a few.

Routers used in networks perform the following functions:

1. Restrict network broadcasts to the LAN 2. Act as the default gateway. 3. Move data between networks

Difference between HUB and SWITCH
Technically speaking, hubs operate using a broadcast model and switches operate using a virtual circuit model. When four computers are connected to a hub, for example, and two of those computers communicate with each other, hubs simply pass through all network traffic to each of the four computers. Switches, on the other hand, are capable of determining the destination of each individual traffic element and selectively forwarding data to the one computer that actually needs it. By generating less network traffic in delivering messages, a switch performs better than a hub on busy networks.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
VoIP is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks like the Internet. VoIP converts analog voice signals into digital data packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using Internet Protocol (IP).

VoIP calls can be made on the Internet using a VoIP service provider and standard computer audio systems. Alternatively, some service providers support VoIP through ordinary telephones that use special adapters to connect to a home computer network. Many VoIP implementations are based on the H.323 technology standard.

VoIP offers a substantial cost savings over traditional long distance telephone calls. The main disadvantage of VoIP is, like cell phones, a greater potential for dropped calls and generally lesser voice quality.

IF Combiner it is used to combine all the frequencies and it is used at the trasmitter side.

Polarization
1. Longitudinal: the thing that is waving is in the same direction as the velocity of the wave.
2. Transverse: the thing that is waving is perpendicular to the velocity of the wave.
3. Polarisation is generally done vertically during transmission so that bandwidth can be reutilised.

Diplexer

A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing. Two ports (e.g., L and H) are multiplexed onto a third port (e.g., S). The signals on ports L and H occupy disjoint frequency bands. Consequently, the signals on L and H can coexist on port S without interfering with each other.

Typically, the signal on port L will occupy a single low frequency band and the signal on port H will occupy a higher frequency band. In that situation, the diplexer consists of a lowpass filter connecting ports L and S and high pass filter connecting ports H and S. Ideally, all the signal power on port L is transferred to the S port and vice versa. All the signal power on port H is transferred to port S and vice versa. Ideally, the separation of the signals is complete. None of the low band signal is transferred from the S port to the H port. In the real world, some power will be lost, and some signal power will leak to the wrong port.
Television diplexer consisting of a high-pass filter (left) and a low-pass filter (right). The antenna is connected to the screw terminals to the left of center.

The diplexer, being a passive device, is reciprocal: the device itself doesn 't have a notion of input or output.

The diplexer is a different device than a passive combiner or splitter. The ports of a diplexer are frequency selective; the ports of a combiner are not. There is also a power "loss" difference - a combiner takes all the power delivered to the S port and equally divides it between the A and B ports. A diplexer does not.

A diplexer multiplexes two ports onto one port, but more than two ports may be multiplexed: a three-port to one-port multiplexer is known as triplexers.

C-band
C-Band (3.7 - 4.2 GHz) - Satellites operating in this band can be spaced as close as two degrees apart in space, and normally carry 24 transponders operating at 10 to 17 watts each. Typical
Receive antennas are 6 to 7.5 feet in diameter. More than 250 channels of video and 75 audio
Services are available today from more than 20 C-Band satellites over North America. Virtually every cable programming service is delivered via C-Band. SBCA

CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) (eg. Telephone, PABX, Ethernet hub,host server etc.)

VSAT Specifications
Antenna diameter: 11 m
Traffic Capacity: 9.6 kbps-2mbps
Diagram
Frequency Bands:
C-Band (4/6 GHz)
Ku-Band (12/14 GHz)
Ka-Band (20/30 GHz)
Network: Point-to-Point

UP/Down converter:

They are used to convert signals from low to high frequency or from a highto low frequency respectively. Up converter are used while transmitting, toincrease the frequency, while down converter are used to decrease the frequencywhile reception.The center frequency of up converter is 6025 MHz and Down converter is3800 MHz. In C band, up converter converts 70 MHz frequency to 5.9-6.4 GHzand just the opposite occurs in down converter while reception

Modem:

Modem is a combination of two words modulation and demodulation.
This is a device which modulates the transmitting signal and demodulates the receiving signal. A communication device that converts one form of signal into another that is suitable for transmission over communication circuits, typically from digital to analog and then from analog to digital. Modulation means superimposing the baseband signal on a carrier of high frequency so that it can be transmitted and demodulation is just vice versa of it i.e. it extracts the message signal from carrier wave at receiving end. Modulation techniques used: QPSK –
Quadrature Phase Shift keying.QAM 16Forward Error Correction (FEC) – this is a parameter determining the output of QPSK & BPSK. This is represented in fractions e.g. ½, ¾, 7/8. Etc.

Quantization:-
Quantizing refers to use of a finite set of amplitude levels and a selection of level nearest to a particular sample value of the message signal as the representation for it.

PULSE CODE MODULATION
In PCM system the message signal is sampled and the amplitude of each signal is rounded off to the nearest one of the finite set of allowable values , so both time and amplitude are quantized.

Basics: Advantages of Satellites

The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:
1.The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
2.Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area.
3.Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
4.Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Basics: Disadvantages of Satellites

The disadvantages of satellite communication:
1.Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
2.Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
3.There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication.

Major problems for satellites
1.Positioning in orbit
2.Stability
3.Power
4.Communications

1. The Seven Layers of the OSI Model International Organization of Standardization ISO
2. Layer7 The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the user’s applications. It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI model. Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs.
3. Layer 6 the presentation layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data formats by using a common format.
4. Layer 5 as its name implies, the session layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. The session layer provides its services to the presentation layer. It also synchronizes dialogue between the two hosts ' presentation layers and manages their data exchange.
5. Layer 4 The transport layer segments data from the sending host 's system and reassembles the data into a data stream on the receiving host 's system. Layer 4 is the boundary between media-layer protocols and host-layer protocols. Layer 4 also deals with Flow Control (Windowing), and Reliability of Communication (Acknowledgement).
6. Layer 3 the network layer is a complex layer that provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks.
7. Layer 2 the data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. In so doing, the data link layer is concerned with physical (as opposed to logical) addressing, network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames.
8. Subdivided Data Link Layer LLC and MAC sub layers.
9. Data Link Layer Sub layers LLC Allows multiple layer three protocols, such as IP and IPX, to be simultaneously supported along with multiple frame types. MAC Lower sub layer Appends physical address of destination computer onto the frame
10. Layer 1 the physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other, similar, attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.

CSES in NTPC Satellite Communication Network:-

NTPC Noida is the hub station for NTPC Satcom network providing satcom facilities to:-
1.25 power stations.
2.5 regional offices & NCPS, DADRI.
3.Corporate centre at New Delhi.
4.Inspection office Calcutta.
5.Using transponder no. 3 of satellite INSAT 3E with alloted bandwidth of 27 MHz.

E-mail:
Shorter for electronic mail, the transmission of messages over communication networks is called e-mail. The message can be notes entered from the keyboard or the electronic files stored on the disk. Most mainframes, minicomputers, and computer network have an e-mail system. Some e-mail systems are confined to single computer systems or network, but others have gateways to other computer systems, enabling the users to send electronic mails anywhere in the world. Companies that are fully computerized make extensive use of e-mail because it is fast, flexible and reliable.

Proxy Server:
A server that sits between a client application, such as web browser, and areal server is called Proxy Server. It intercepts all real requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server.

REFRENCE http://engineeringtube.net/forum/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=viewcategory&catid=4&Itemid=7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station http://www.pyrometry.com/farassociates_liquidmetals.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometry

References: CERTIFICATE This is to certify that SAKSHI GARG 3rd year student (Electrical and Electronic Branch) of SHARDA UNIVERSITY, Greater Noida has successfully completed her Industrial Training at NTPC Noida, for seven weeks from 10th June to 31th July, 2012