Obesity

Marigondon National High School
Marigondon, Lapu-lapu City

A Research Work on:
Obesity: It’s Primary Causes Effects & Prevention As a partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Fourth Grading Period in English lll

Presented by:
Hazel A. Secop lll-B CPTLE
Presented to:
Mrs. Estefa Belencio Instructress

Submitted on: February 20, 2013 Date of Submission

I. INTRODUCTION Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), a person's weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of his or her height (in metres). A person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Once considered a problem only in high income countries, overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Obesity is a serious medical condition and can lead to considerable health consequences including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obstructive sleep apnoea and arthritis. Therefore it is very important that you seek appropriate treatment. Obesity may be caused by a number of social, cultural, behavioral, physiological, metabolic, and genetic factors that are beyond the person's control. Symptoms of obesity usually show up in the form of breathing trouble, excess accumulation of fat, insulin resistance, increase in size or number of fat cells, rise in blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and back pain. Obesity is essentially a disorder of your metabolism and is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure over a long period of time. In other words, you are consuming more calories or energy than you are burning through exercise and daily activities. Treatment of obesity therefore aims to restore this energy balance.

II. Objectives:

1. To know the meaning of Obesity.
2. To know its primary causes.
3. To know the effects of Obesity.
4. To know the prevention against Obesity.
5. To know the basic information about Obesity.
6. To be aware in this kind of problem.
7. To lessen the circumstances of this problem.
8. To know the possible changes and damages it would make if lots of people are obese.
9. To know the main reasons why people engaged in this problem.
10. To know the types and classifications of Obesity.

III. Statement of the Problem

1. What is Obesity?
2. What are its primary causes?
3. What are the effects of Obesity?
4. How can we prevent from this problem?
5. What is some of the basic information we should know about Obesity?
6. What are the steps we should do in order for the people to be aware in this kind of problem?
7. How can we lessen the circumstances of this problem?
8. What are the possible changes and damages it would make if lots of people are obese?
9. What are the main reasons why people engaged in this problem?
10. What are the types and classifications of Obesity?

IV. HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS

1. What is Obesity?
2. When can a person be considered as Obese?
3. What is the stage of Obesity worldwide?
4. What are the various diseases caused by Obesity?
5. What are the main treatment / prevention for Obesity?
6. What are the examples of drugs /other treatment for obese people?
7. What are some contributors to the recent increase of Obesity?
8. Why do people become obese?
9. Is obesity self- perpetuating?
10. Are there any associations and movements against Obesity?

V. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

1. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.
2. People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in meters, exceeds 30 kg/m2.
3. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world
4. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
5. Whether you're at risk of becoming obese, currently overweight or at a healthy weight, you can take steps to prevent unhealthy weight gain and related health problems. Not surprisingly, the steps to prevent weight gain are the same as the steps to lose weight: daily exercise, a healthy diet, and a long-term commitment to watch what you eat and drink.
6. Anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption together with a suitable diet. If diet, exercise and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon may assist with weight loss, or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
7. possible contributors to the recent increase of obesity: (1) insufficient sleep, (2) endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), (3) decreased variability in ambient temperature, (4) decreased rates of smoking, because smoking suppresses appetite, (5) increased use of medications that can cause weight gain (e.g., atypical antipsychotics), (6) proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, (7) pregnancy at a later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), (8) epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally, (9) natural selection for higher BMI, and (10) assortative mating leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of obese people by increasing population variance in weight).
8. It is because of the unhealthy lifestyle of the people. Too much calories, or energy eaten by the people without limitations and at the same time it could also be through genetics.
9. The longer a person is overweight, the harder it becomes for them to lose weight. Many have wondered whether obesity itself becomes a permanent state, i.e. does obesity promote obesity? Researchers from the University of Michigan and the National Council of Science and Technology (COINCET) in Argentina, reported in the Journal of Clinical Investigation that in animal experiments, obesity seems to become a self-perpetuating state.They found that the “normal” body weight of mice that become obese starts going up; their bodies’ perception of normal weight becomes a heavier than before, regardless of whether they are made to go on diets which had made them lose weight.
10. Yes like the fat acceptance movement. its principal goal is to decrease discrimination against people who are overweight and Obese. However, some in the movement are also attempting to challenge established relationship between obesity and negative health outcomes.
VI. TOPIC OUTLINE
Thesis Statement: the cause and effects of Obesity make it one of the major problems in the world.
I. History of Obesity
A. Etymology
B. Historical Trends
C. Arts
II. Classification of Obesity
A. Severe Obesity
B. Morbid Obesity
C. Super Obesity
III. Causes of Obesity
A. Consuming too much calories
B. Leading a sedentary lifestyle
C. lack of sleep
IV. Effects of Obesity
A. Mortality
B. Morbidity
C. Economic impact 1. Disadvantages of employment 2. Increased business losts
V. Prevention
A. Daily Exercise
B. Healthy diet
C. long-term commitment
D. weight loss surgery
VII. DEFINITION OF TERMS * Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.

* Lifestyle is a way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies which they manifest in coping with their physical, psychological, social, and economic environments on a day-to-day basis.

* Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms.

* Body mass index is a measure for human body shape which is based on an individual's weight and height

* Surgery is the branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity, and disease by manual and instrumental means.

* The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) which is concerned with international public health.

* Weight is a system which is used for expressing heaviness or mass.

* Disease is an abnormal condition which affects the body of an organism. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.

* Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

* Life expectancy is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age which is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience.

VIII. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
HISTORY OF OBESITY Obesity is from the Latin obesitas, which means "stout, fat, or plump." Ēsus is the past participle of edere (to eat), with ob (over) added to it.The Oxford English Dictionary documents its first usage in 1611 by Randle Cotgrave.
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance obesity was often seen as a sign of wealth, and was relatively common among the elite: The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro, attributed to Charles Mellin, The Greeks were the first to recognize obesity as a medical disorder.[153] Hippocrates wrote that "Corpulence is not only a disease itself, but the harbinger of others".[2] The Indian surgeon Sushruta (6th century BCE) related obesity to diabetes and heart disorders.[161] He recommended physical work to help cure it and its side effects.[161] For most of human history mankind struggled with food scarcity.[162] Obesity has thus historically been viewed as a sign of wealth and prosperity. It was common among high officials in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance[160] as well as in Ancient East Asian civilizations. The first sculptural representations of the human body 20,000–35,000 years ago depict obese females. Some attribute the Venus figurines to the tendency to emphasize fertility while others feel they represent "fatness" in the people of the time.[9] Corpulence is, however, absent in both Greek and Roman art, probably in keeping with their ideals regarding moderation. This continued through much of Christian European history, with only those of low socioeconomic status being depicted as obese. CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), a person's weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of his or her height (in metres). A person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Once considered a problem only in high income countries, overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings.
Body mass index is a measure for human body shape which is based on an individual's weight and height. A person that has a BMI which ranges 30.04 is considered as Class I obesity or Severe Obesity. Morbid Obesity or Class II obesity has a BMI which ranges from 35.0-39.9 & A person which has a BMI of > 40.0 are considered as Class III obesity or Super Obesity.
The class III obesity or the Super Obesity is the most dangerous of all classification of obesity because it can greatly affect our health & lots of illness can get through our body.
CAUSES OF OBESITY
People are eating much more than they used to. This used to be the case just in developed nations - however, the trend has spread worldwide. Despite billions of dollars being spent on public awareness campaigns that attempt to encourage people to eat healthily, the majority of us continue to overeat.
The widespread availability of nutritional guidelines has done little to address the problems of overeating and poor dietary choice. From 1971 to 2000, obesity rates in the United States increased from 14.5% to 30.9%. During the same period, an increase occurred in the average amount of food energy consumed. For women, the average increase was 335 calories per day (1,542 calories in 1971 and 1,877 calories in 2004), while for men the average increase was 168 calories per day (2,450 calories in 1971 and 2,618 calories in 2004). Most of this extra food energy came from an increase in carbohydrate consumption rather than fat consumption. The primary sources of these extra carbohydrates are sweetened beverages, which now account for almost 25 percent of daily food energy in young adults in America, and potato chips. Consumption of sweetened drinks is believed to be contributing to the rising rates of obesity.
With the arrival of televisions, computers, video games, remote controls, washing machines, dish washers and other modern convenience devices, the majority of people are leading a much more sedentary lifestyle compared to their parents and grandparents. In addition to its health impacts, obesity leads to many problems including disadvantages in employment. Obesity can lead to social stigmatization and disadvantages in employment. When compared to their normal weight counterparts, obese workers on average have higher rates of absenteeism from work and take more disability leave, thus increasing costs for employers and decreasing productivity EFFECTS OF OBESITY
Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and asthma..As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.
Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Large-scale American and European studies have found that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 20–25 kg/m2 in non-smokers and at 24–27 kg/m2 in current smokers, with risk increasing along with changes in either direction. A BMI above 32 kg/m2 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate among women over a 16-year period. In the United States obesity is estimated to cause 111,909 to 365,000 deaths per year, while 1 million (7.7%) of deaths in Europe are attributed to excess weight. Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions. These comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome a combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels. Obesity can lead to social stigmatization and disadvantages in employment. When compared to their normal weight counterparts, obese workers on average have higher rates of absenteeism from work and take more disability leave, thus increasing costs for employers and decreasing productivity.
PREVENTION OF OBESITY
Whether you're at risk of becoming obese, currently overweight or at a healthy weight, you can take steps to prevent unhealthy weight gain and related health problems. Not surprisingly, the steps to prevent weight gain are the same as the steps to lose weight: daily exercise, a healthy diet, and a long-term commitment to watch what you eat and drink.
Obesity prevention is an international public health priority. The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing in child populations throughout the world, impacting on short-term and long-term health. Obesity prevention strategies for children can change behaviour but effectiveness in terms of preventing obesity remains poorly understood. This review assesses the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent obesity in childhood through healthy eating and physical activity policies, programs, and workforce development in children's settings.
A variety of treatments exist for obesity that includes diet and behavior therapy to medicine and surgery. The treatments usually depend on the levels of BMI, while others may be an individual choice. While diet therapy involves a prescribed diet and exercise plan, behavior therapy teaches new behaviors that promote weight loss. If a person's condition demands so, a doctor may recommend a combination of both. For a person having a BMI of 40 or a BMI of 35 to 39.9 accompanied by serious medical problems, doctors usually recommend gastrointestinal surgery.The best way to prevent becoming overweight, or obese, is by eating healthily and exercising regularly.

IX. CONCLUSION
Many people do not realize how damaging obesity can be to the body and for your overall health. Obesity is something that is increasingly on the rise today and will continue to rise unless we do something about it like informing people of how bad it really is and encouraging people to live a health-enhancing lifestyle. A healthy diet and exercising two to three times a week is key to not becoming obese. Let's change the trend of obesity by living healthy lives and building towards a healthy

The increased consumption of calorie-dense fast food and sucrose-enriched drinks, together with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, appear to be major factors contributing to this epidemic. While prevention of obesity should receive high priority, there is emerging evidence that treating obese subjects, particularly those with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, has short-term effects on the prevention of diabetes; improves glucose, lipid, and blood pressure parameters; and is likely to have beneficial effects on long-term health outcomes. There is evidence that the available antiobesity agents are efficacious and have a favourable impact on parameters associated with cardiovascular outcomes.

Obesity as been the most common type of malnutrition and one of the greatest with health hazards to life in the United States today, and it can be prevented (Diehl 120). The solution is as simple as eating the same amount--but with healthier choices and a life long diet, such as vegetarianism. Exercising is also important to keep fit and use up any extra calories from that ice cream at dessert. Nonetheless, some fat is essential for the body as heat, stored energy, insulation, and padding (“The Wholesome Diet” 64). No one cannot “cure” obesity by simply achieving a certain body weight. Eating healthy and keeping active is all apart of a life long daily routine (Whitney 273). No diet should be promoted as a temporary eating plan, but rather a permanent lifestyle for healthy eating .

X. RECOMMENDATION & SUGGESTIONS

* Eat five to six servings of fruits and vegetables daily * Choose wholegrain foods such as brown rice and whole wheat bread * Avoid foods that are high in “energy density” or that have a lot of calories in small amount of food * Exercise regularly * Monitor your weight regularly * Be consistent. If your starting to change your lifestyle, be consistent in doing it * Weigh and measure food to gain understanding of portion sizes. * Get the whole family involved. Get the whole family on a healthier track * Training for all obese people * Be involved in different activities.