Pacific War Research Paper
Assess the extent to which Japanese foreign policy led to the Pacific war
Japans foreign policy was initially a response to western intimidation however it soon took on its own imperialistic traits that were backed heavily by new found nationalism. It was this nationalism that altered the balance of Japanese foreign policy and triggered the start of the Pacific War. It was this in conjunction with the instilled military dominance of political Japan and the string of disappointing foreign policy set backs that led to their adoption of more aggressive foreign measures, which can consequently be considered as a primary driving force on the road to the Pacific war.
When assessing the role of Japans foreign policy in the led up to the Pacific …show more content…
war one needs to look back and the birth of Japanese imperialism and the start of foreign policy its self. Japan saw the need to modernize after Commodore Perry and his imposing naval fleet broke down Japans isolationist wall in 1853, they also feared the fate of China which had been divided into western spheres of interest'. It was these early events that opened up Japanese foreign policy which consequently set in place effective industrialization strategies that contributed to Japans modernization. This successful catch up' to the Western powers was manifested in expansionalist policies being played out through their own foreign strategies. The first target was Korea, a tributary state of China at the time. This resulted in the first Sino- Japanese war in 1894 and entrance of Japan as a major military force. The treaty of Shimonoseki was signed in the aftermath; Japan claimed numerous Chinese territories including Korea, Taiwan, Ryuknu islands and southern Manchuria, the Japanese empire was born. With the birth of this empire came increasing tensions with Russia and international recognition in the form of the Anglo- Japanese treaty. The treaty was made between Britain, France and Japan and stated that if war broke out between Russia and Japan neither of the European nations would come to Russia's aid. This was a momentous step in Japans foreign policy as it was to Japan an indication of their acceptance amongst the big boys' in Europe. This boost in ego was dramatically increased following the triumphant victory in the Russo- Japanese war 1905.
It was the first time an Asian nation had defeated a dominant Western power in modern history, it cemented Japans place as a world power and fuelled a sense of racial superiority and confidence as a world power over other Asian nation; both of these factors contributed to the uptake of more aggressive and expansionalist foreign policies which were the primary instigation of the Pacific War.
The outbreak of WW1 in 1914 was seen as a great opportunity for Japans international ambitions. The war saw Western eyes being drawn away from the personal ambitions in the east and back to the greater domestic issue of war in Europe. Japan had quickly signed up on the side of the allies and in doing so seized numerous German concessions in China as well as in the Pacific, including the Marshal, Carolina, Maraina islands as well as German New Guinea all of which were seen to be in the buffering' zone between the US, it appeared their pacific colonies were gravely compromised, alarm bells began to ring. Japan were spared the cost of war, she remained largely uninvolved yet was strengthened immeasurably in terms of trade and industry which was fuelled by the appetite of her war burdened allies. Yet Japan crossed the expansionalist line in the eyes of the Western Powers as her unquenched ambitions turned to China.
China was seen by the Japanese as its own manifest destiny' this was reinforced by its new found sense of racial superiority. However Japan over played her hand' in the words of Willmott with her infamous 1915 Twenty One Demands' on China. The demands were a measure of aggressive foreign policy that presented Japan as a threat to Western Powers in the Far East, and is consequently considered an act of foreign policy that contributed to the outbreak of war in the Pacific. The demands sought to establish China as a practical puppet state of Japan; this was not expectable to other European nations that believed they had a valid sphere of interest in China. The demands were also considered a threat to the US wish for an "open door policy" in China, if the demands were accepted by China it would eliminate Western interest in the area leaving Japan with a potentially overwhelming advantage in the region. Consequently Western pressure was placed upon the policies and Japan was forced to withdraw the demands. Secretary of State Bryan told Japan in November 1915 that "the US cannot recognize any agreement impairing the treaty rights of the US and its citizens in China or the international policy relative to China the Open Door Policy." It was the start of chain of foreign policy disappointments which fueled aggressive nationalism in Japan and the consequent outbreak of war in the Pacific.
In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was seen as a major knock back to Japans ambitious foreign policy. Although they were included in the Big Five' nations (Britain, France, Germany, US, Italy) and Japan did receive Shantung region in China, They were disappointed by the fact that they only secured mandates over the German Pacific islands. This sense of disappointment was reinforced by the growth of racial prejudice in both the US in the form of the immigration exclusion act and in Australia with the implementation of the White Australia Policy. Never the less Japan emerged from WW1 stronger, richer and more ambitious. She steadily built up a powerful naval fleet consisting of the world's finest torpedoes, including the fabled Long Lance. This fleet was seen as a threat to US colonies in the Pacific including the important naval and trade base of the Philippians. Consequently the US called for the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 to address the emerging naval race in the pacific. The conference developed the 5:5:3 ratios which were seen as greatly unfavorable to Japan. This and the British's annulment of the Anglo- Japanese treaty were seen as yet furthermore attempts by the West to discredit her stature as a World Power and restrict her instilled rightful ambitions in the Pacific. It was these restrictive measures enforced on Japans imperialistic foreign policy that contributed to the adoption of more aggressive nationalistic and militaristic strategies that can be seen as the primary driving force in the road to the Pacific War.
The second primary set of events critical to the origins of the WW2 in the Pacific was the impact of the depression on Japan and its foreign policy. The Wall Street crash of 1929 presented a massive economic dilemma to Japan. The relatively young industrial nation with a small land mass relied heavily on international trade with the US and other powers, yet the depression had practically cut off trade and consequently Japans economic life line. The nationalists in Japan blamed the severity of the depression on the internationalist policies that led her to have such reliance on international trade. Consequently Japan turned to more nationalistic, expansionalist policies as a means of resolving the financial, industrial and economic crises wrought by the Depression. This more nationalistic approach was supported heavily by the reemergence of military power as a driving force in Japanese politics who then began to dominant the affairs of state.
The nationalistic expansionalists saw Manchuria which was rich in much needed raw material as the primary target. This was manifested in the 1931 Manchurian incident where Japanese troops of the Kwantung Army carried out a rather blatant act of self sabotage on their own southern Manchurian railroad in an attempt to justify and trigger a full scale invasion of the area regarded as the gateway to their manifest destiny'- China. The action is considered by some as the true start of the Pacific War, yet the main facts that can be drawn from the incident is the clear indication of military dominance in politics. This came about as the Japanese constitution provided service minister positions for serving officers, this triggered the end of political liberalism in Japan as government by assassination came about,' which in turn led to the lack of political coordination as the armed services worked different agendas and pursued aims that were often contradictory. Widespread condemnation followed the Manchurian incident as it was declared the action broke both the Treaty of Versailles and aspects of the Washington Conference, however their was no retaliatory action from the League of Nations; highlighting the ineffectiveness to organisation to Japan as well as Hitler and Mussolini. This condemnation was the final straw in Japans willingness for global approval consequently they walked out of the League, Hitler and Mussolini soon followed. It was now clear that Japan had adopted a nationalistic approach to foreign policies; an assumed threat to peace in the Pacific.
Three main foreign policy developments that led to War followed the Manchurian incident and Japans withdrawal from the League of Nations.
This included the negotiations of the Anti- Comintern Pact with Germany and Italy in 1936, the institution of the miyazaki Plan 1936-37 which involved the expansion of heavy industry with the intention of enabling Japan to wage total war for at least three years and the undeclared second Sino- Japanese war -1937 and the consequent invasion of China its self. The latter is said to be the result of the Marco Polo bridge incident, where a Chinese patrol fired on Japanese troops in the area, however deeper more entrenched issued fuelled the invasion of China. For years prior the Japanese had implemented numerous policies which sought gain power in the turmoil of the Chinese civil wars, the battle cry of Peking to Shanghai' went up long before the original action. The invasion of China also involved the horrific rap off Yanghing' which was widely publicized in the US resulting in further condemnation and restrictions emplaced upon Japanese trade. Hence it can be said that Japans aggressive foreign policy towards China played a key role in the outbreak of the Sino- Japanese war, the invasion of China and consequently invasion of southern Asia which led to the start of the Pacific War with the …show more content…
US. By 1939 it was clear that the government could no longer uphold the Miyazaki plan.
There resources were stretched too thin and she could not afford the ivestment essential to develop her own resources and those of her conquered nations, by 1939 70% of government was for the military. Never the less French- Indo China was invaded and occupied in 1940. This sparked further fear and condemnation from the US who now saw the Philippians under direct threat. This was manifested in the Two- Ocean Naval Expansion Act by US congress which was also enforced as a result of the fall of France in Europe. However in June 1940 the Japanese Imperial Navy reacted to American shipbuilding and launched full mobilization. "Imperial conquest was an ambition the rest of the World could no longer tolerate" this notion and in conjunction with Japans full mobilization resulted in the final trade ban by the US on Japanese oil that had been fuelling her war effort for over a decade. War was inevitable at this stage and the preemptive strike' on Pearl Harbor was devised. The threat of Japan to the US was cemented in the negotiation of the non- aggression treaty between her and the Soviet Union. This final act of foreign policy was a clear indication of Japans soul imperialistic ambitions in the Pacific. Thus it was a culmination of both aggressive military action and nationalist policy in the form of the Non- Aggression treaty that was the final driving factor in the outbreak of War. The US' resulting
total export ban on the 26th July 1941 led to the final decision' for war with the US, the catalyst Pearl Harbor.
It cannot be said that Japans aggressive foreign policy was the soul factory in the outbreak of war in the Pacific. However declarations such as the twenty one demands,' their decision to walk from the League of Nations and to defy the Treaty of Versailles as well to instigate the Miyazaki Plan were all key driving forces on the road to was in the Pacific. Yet it was these and the consequent growth in nationalistic aggressive actions that were ironically fueled by international condemnation that finally instigated the Pacific War in 1941.
Japans foreign policy was initially a response to western intimidation however it soon took on its own imperialistic traits that were backed heavily by new found nationalism. It was this nationalism that altered the balance of Japanese foreign policy and triggered the start of the Pacific War. It was this in conjunction with the instilled military dominance of political Japan and the string of disappointing foreign policy set backs that led to their adoption of more aggressive foreign measures, which can consequently be considered as a primary driving force on the road to the Pacific war.
When assessing the role of Japans foreign policy in the led up to the Pacific …show more content…
war one needs to look back and the birth of Japanese imperialism and the start of foreign policy its self. Japan saw the need to modernize after Commodore Perry and his imposing naval fleet broke down Japans isolationist wall in 1853, they also feared the fate of China which had been divided into western spheres of interest'. It was these early events that opened up Japanese foreign policy which consequently set in place effective industrialization strategies that contributed to Japans modernization. This successful catch up' to the Western powers was manifested in expansionalist policies being played out through their own foreign strategies. The first target was Korea, a tributary state of China at the time. This resulted in the first Sino- Japanese war in 1894 and entrance of Japan as a major military force. The treaty of Shimonoseki was signed in the aftermath; Japan claimed numerous Chinese territories including Korea, Taiwan, Ryuknu islands and southern Manchuria, the Japanese empire was born. With the birth of this empire came increasing tensions with Russia and international recognition in the form of the Anglo- Japanese treaty. The treaty was made between Britain, France and Japan and stated that if war broke out between Russia and Japan neither of the European nations would come to Russia's aid. This was a momentous step in Japans foreign policy as it was to Japan an indication of their acceptance amongst the big boys' in Europe. This boost in ego was dramatically increased following the triumphant victory in the Russo- Japanese war 1905.
It was the first time an Asian nation had defeated a dominant Western power in modern history, it cemented Japans place as a world power and fuelled a sense of racial superiority and confidence as a world power over other Asian nation; both of these factors contributed to the uptake of more aggressive and expansionalist foreign policies which were the primary instigation of the Pacific War.
The outbreak of WW1 in 1914 was seen as a great opportunity for Japans international ambitions. The war saw Western eyes being drawn away from the personal ambitions in the east and back to the greater domestic issue of war in Europe. Japan had quickly signed up on the side of the allies and in doing so seized numerous German concessions in China as well as in the Pacific, including the Marshal, Carolina, Maraina islands as well as German New Guinea all of which were seen to be in the buffering' zone between the US, it appeared their pacific colonies were gravely compromised, alarm bells began to ring. Japan were spared the cost of war, she remained largely uninvolved yet was strengthened immeasurably in terms of trade and industry which was fuelled by the appetite of her war burdened allies. Yet Japan crossed the expansionalist line in the eyes of the Western Powers as her unquenched ambitions turned to China.
China was seen by the Japanese as its own manifest destiny' this was reinforced by its new found sense of racial superiority. However Japan over played her hand' in the words of Willmott with her infamous 1915 Twenty One Demands' on China. The demands were a measure of aggressive foreign policy that presented Japan as a threat to Western Powers in the Far East, and is consequently considered an act of foreign policy that contributed to the outbreak of war in the Pacific. The demands sought to establish China as a practical puppet state of Japan; this was not expectable to other European nations that believed they had a valid sphere of interest in China. The demands were also considered a threat to the US wish for an "open door policy" in China, if the demands were accepted by China it would eliminate Western interest in the area leaving Japan with a potentially overwhelming advantage in the region. Consequently Western pressure was placed upon the policies and Japan was forced to withdraw the demands. Secretary of State Bryan told Japan in November 1915 that "the US cannot recognize any agreement impairing the treaty rights of the US and its citizens in China or the international policy relative to China the Open Door Policy." It was the start of chain of foreign policy disappointments which fueled aggressive nationalism in Japan and the consequent outbreak of war in the Pacific.
In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was seen as a major knock back to Japans ambitious foreign policy. Although they were included in the Big Five' nations (Britain, France, Germany, US, Italy) and Japan did receive Shantung region in China, They were disappointed by the fact that they only secured mandates over the German Pacific islands. This sense of disappointment was reinforced by the growth of racial prejudice in both the US in the form of the immigration exclusion act and in Australia with the implementation of the White Australia Policy. Never the less Japan emerged from WW1 stronger, richer and more ambitious. She steadily built up a powerful naval fleet consisting of the world's finest torpedoes, including the fabled Long Lance. This fleet was seen as a threat to US colonies in the Pacific including the important naval and trade base of the Philippians. Consequently the US called for the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 to address the emerging naval race in the pacific. The conference developed the 5:5:3 ratios which were seen as greatly unfavorable to Japan. This and the British's annulment of the Anglo- Japanese treaty were seen as yet furthermore attempts by the West to discredit her stature as a World Power and restrict her instilled rightful ambitions in the Pacific. It was these restrictive measures enforced on Japans imperialistic foreign policy that contributed to the adoption of more aggressive nationalistic and militaristic strategies that can be seen as the primary driving force in the road to the Pacific War.
The second primary set of events critical to the origins of the WW2 in the Pacific was the impact of the depression on Japan and its foreign policy. The Wall Street crash of 1929 presented a massive economic dilemma to Japan. The relatively young industrial nation with a small land mass relied heavily on international trade with the US and other powers, yet the depression had practically cut off trade and consequently Japans economic life line. The nationalists in Japan blamed the severity of the depression on the internationalist policies that led her to have such reliance on international trade. Consequently Japan turned to more nationalistic, expansionalist policies as a means of resolving the financial, industrial and economic crises wrought by the Depression. This more nationalistic approach was supported heavily by the reemergence of military power as a driving force in Japanese politics who then began to dominant the affairs of state.
The nationalistic expansionalists saw Manchuria which was rich in much needed raw material as the primary target. This was manifested in the 1931 Manchurian incident where Japanese troops of the Kwantung Army carried out a rather blatant act of self sabotage on their own southern Manchurian railroad in an attempt to justify and trigger a full scale invasion of the area regarded as the gateway to their manifest destiny'- China. The action is considered by some as the true start of the Pacific War, yet the main facts that can be drawn from the incident is the clear indication of military dominance in politics. This came about as the Japanese constitution provided service minister positions for serving officers, this triggered the end of political liberalism in Japan as government by assassination came about,' which in turn led to the lack of political coordination as the armed services worked different agendas and pursued aims that were often contradictory. Widespread condemnation followed the Manchurian incident as it was declared the action broke both the Treaty of Versailles and aspects of the Washington Conference, however their was no retaliatory action from the League of Nations; highlighting the ineffectiveness to organisation to Japan as well as Hitler and Mussolini. This condemnation was the final straw in Japans willingness for global approval consequently they walked out of the League, Hitler and Mussolini soon followed. It was now clear that Japan had adopted a nationalistic approach to foreign policies; an assumed threat to peace in the Pacific.
Three main foreign policy developments that led to War followed the Manchurian incident and Japans withdrawal from the League of Nations.
This included the negotiations of the Anti- Comintern Pact with Germany and Italy in 1936, the institution of the miyazaki Plan 1936-37 which involved the expansion of heavy industry with the intention of enabling Japan to wage total war for at least three years and the undeclared second Sino- Japanese war -1937 and the consequent invasion of China its self. The latter is said to be the result of the Marco Polo bridge incident, where a Chinese patrol fired on Japanese troops in the area, however deeper more entrenched issued fuelled the invasion of China. For years prior the Japanese had implemented numerous policies which sought gain power in the turmoil of the Chinese civil wars, the battle cry of Peking to Shanghai' went up long before the original action. The invasion of China also involved the horrific rap off Yanghing' which was widely publicized in the US resulting in further condemnation and restrictions emplaced upon Japanese trade. Hence it can be said that Japans aggressive foreign policy towards China played a key role in the outbreak of the Sino- Japanese war, the invasion of China and consequently invasion of southern Asia which led to the start of the Pacific War with the …show more content…
US. By 1939 it was clear that the government could no longer uphold the Miyazaki plan.
There resources were stretched too thin and she could not afford the ivestment essential to develop her own resources and those of her conquered nations, by 1939 70% of government was for the military. Never the less French- Indo China was invaded and occupied in 1940. This sparked further fear and condemnation from the US who now saw the Philippians under direct threat. This was manifested in the Two- Ocean Naval Expansion Act by US congress which was also enforced as a result of the fall of France in Europe. However in June 1940 the Japanese Imperial Navy reacted to American shipbuilding and launched full mobilization. "Imperial conquest was an ambition the rest of the World could no longer tolerate" this notion and in conjunction with Japans full mobilization resulted in the final trade ban by the US on Japanese oil that had been fuelling her war effort for over a decade. War was inevitable at this stage and the preemptive strike' on Pearl Harbor was devised. The threat of Japan to the US was cemented in the negotiation of the non- aggression treaty between her and the Soviet Union. This final act of foreign policy was a clear indication of Japans soul imperialistic ambitions in the Pacific. Thus it was a culmination of both aggressive military action and nationalist policy in the form of the Non- Aggression treaty that was the final driving factor in the outbreak of War. The US' resulting
total export ban on the 26th July 1941 led to the final decision' for war with the US, the catalyst Pearl Harbor.
It cannot be said that Japans aggressive foreign policy was the soul factory in the outbreak of war in the Pacific. However declarations such as the twenty one demands,' their decision to walk from the League of Nations and to defy the Treaty of Versailles as well to instigate the Miyazaki Plan were all key driving forces on the road to was in the Pacific. Yet it was these and the consequent growth in nationalistic aggressive actions that were ironically fueled by international condemnation that finally instigated the Pacific War in 1941.