Pre Imperialism: Alaska purchase and sig
Reason: remove Russian threat from N America, get raw materials
Purchase: Sec of State Will Seward finalized with $7.2mil “Seward’s folly/ice box”
Sig: Russian threat removed from N America
Imperialistic Concepts (large/strong takes small/weak)
Reasons for Imperialism: $ (economy), naval bases, colonies b/c of overpopulation, humanitarian reasons
“Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783” Alfred Mahan: natoin’s greatness/prosperity was b/c of seapower, econ dev. Enhanced with naval bases
“Our Country: its possible future and present crisis” Josiah Strong (protestant minister): Anglo saxon race destined to spread Christianity and demo. Instit. Worldwide, had duty to “protect little brown bros in pacific”
Jingoists: politicians wanted to expant beyong USA (most famous: T Roosevelt)
Expansionism in Pacific
Midway Island: first place annexed outside the US with a naval base
Hawaii:
Reciprocity Treaty 1875: Hawaii ships sugar to US “duty free” (no tariff/tax) and cant give territory to anyone else (Americans moved here to make plantations)
1880s: US gets right to build Pearl Harbor
Queen Liluokalani “Hawaii is strictly for Hawaiians” (Sanford dole-banana,pineapple-asked for US help
USS Boston shows and Lil surrenders
Annexation of Hawaii Ceremony: Mckinley signs into law, Dole is new governor of Hawaii
Spanish American war
Background: younger Cubans revolt against spain, Spain sends “the butcher” valeriano weyler to cuba to end revolt and capture rebellious ppl and put them into detention (concentration camp) centers “renconcentrado policy”
Yellow Journalism: sensationalized stories get more readers ($)
“NY Journal”; will r hearst competes with “NY World” Joseph Pulitzer in newspaper war, both sensationalized Cuban events, etc
DeLome Letter: Spanish minister sends to Cuban friend, says Mckinley is politicastro (small time politician) and and so weak he was persuaded to force Spain from Cuba (intercepted, public in US)
Sinking of Maine/Mckinley War Message
Mckinley sent Maine to cuba to protect USA interest (explosion kills 266 and Cuba blamed0
Mckinley war message : remember the maine battle cry
Teller Amendment “henry teller): added to War message saying USA wont annex cuba after war
John Hay (Sec of State) coined term “splendid little war”
The Philippines (George Dewey): destroyed Spain fleet with help by rebellion leader Emilio Aguinaldo
Cuba: First volunteer calvary “rough riders” by t Roosevelt took san juan hill, end Spanish resistance
Treat of Paris, 1898: Spain must recognize Cuba indep and cede Peurto Rico (Caribbean) and Guam (pacific) for US naval base US gets Philippines and pays $20 mil to spain for reconstruction
Platt Amendment: Cuba cant make treaties with anyone but USA, US can intervene in Cuban affairs to protect Cuban indep/freedom/liberty, US naval base put in Guantanamo Bay
Anti-Imperialist League
Made of politicians, social workers, business people, writers (Carnegie, Jane Addams, WJ Bryan, Mark Twain)
Thought imperialism was immoral, violated liberty and freedom
Philippine American War
Reasons: US presence in Philippines, and need for Philippine Indep
Led by Aguinaldo against US
Americans begin defecting to Filipino side: white oppose brutality/war, blacks oppose Filipino racism
“buffalo soldiers” (blacks) fought for USA
“war of Brutality”: Filipinos use guerilla warfare, US forced them into “designated living zones” with poor condtions and starvation
US burns down Filipino villages to break morality and believe Filipinos were inferior
Water Torture
Results: US wins with capture of Aguinaldo (resistance dies)and forced to pledge USA allegiance and Taft appointed gov of Filipinos before his presidency
The far east: China and the Open Door
Sphere of influence: brit/jap/france/germ/Russia claim parts of china
Open Door policy/notes by sec of state john hay
All nations respect territorial rights of other nations in china
China has right to collect debt taxes from nations
Nations should respect Chinese territorial rights (only brit and germ agree)
Sig: shows US is major world power
Boxer rebellion: Chinese nationalists want all foreigners out, allied troops join to stop this, china must pay for all damage caused
Foreign issues under Roosevelt
Panama canal
Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (US and Brit): brit has lots of investment in L America, US gets right to build a canal in Central America
Hay Bunou Varilla Treaty (US and Panama): newly indep panama gets $10mil for 10mi for US canal sig: reduce time it takes to move US ships
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe doctrine: “chronic wrongdoing in W Hemis will allow US to exercise international police power” (no other nation can collect Dom. Rep. debt) (“speak softly and carry a big stick”)
Roosevelt and the far east: russo-jap war gets worse
Roosevelt invited Russia and japs to N hamshire to make treaty of Portsmouth: mediates end of war
Sig: show US is major world power
Gentlemans agreement: San fran should reverse segregation policy against Japan, Japan should reduce Jap immigrants
Great White Fleet (16 ships): went on worldwide tour to intimidate
Root-takahira agreement: elihu root (sec of state) and jap both respect territorial possession in Pacific (Hawaii and Philippines) and respect the Open Door Policy in China
Taft foreign policy to Early 20th Century
Dollar Diplomacy: use US business investment in L America to have control/better relations (threatened by Nicaragua revolt, so Taft sends troops to protect US interest)
Wilson: moral diplomacy
Used demo values
Jones Act: gave Philippines territorial status for US, Phil can be indep once they have stable gov
Sent troops to Haiti and Dom Rep (revolutions) to protect US interest
Mexico: Pancho Villa attacks Americans, Wilson sends army to capture but fail (leads to tension with Mexico)
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