Jason Appleton
Southerrn Oregon University, Instructor: Garth Pittman
Research Strategies, Fall 2005
Summary:
This is an investigation of different coaching methods and styles of leadership in which are most effective and preferred by Athletes. The various leadership styles are explained and examined. The present study found that there isn't one style that is most effective or preferred by all athletes specifically.
As we enter the world of sports several different theories and methods of coaching are used and preformed each day. Each coach innovates their specific style or way of coaching to their athletes. When viewing coaching and leadership styles it becomes apparent that there are many different styles of coaching and leadership in general, each possessing a level of effectiveness in success and preference. The question that is commonly raised is which method is most effective and or preferred by athletes. This study is being preformed to analyze and accumulate a solution or result to the preference by athletes and also which method or style is most effective. To conclude and answer that question the idea or concept we are left with is that there isn't one style or technique of coaching and leadership that is most effective and preferred. It is important to reveal and identify what leadership entails and represents. As we take a look at (Adams, Brilhart, Galanes, 2004 ) they do a great job of focusing on the difference between leadership and a leader. When focusing on leadership in general they keen in on the idea that it is an interpersonal influence. Even further the way that Hackman and Johnson describe it with the focus on communication it reveals or is defined as "human symbolic communication which modifies the attitudes and behaviors of others in order to meet group goals and needs."(pg. 229) When reaching further into the article it explains how leadership
References: Adams, K, Brilhart, J, Galanes, G. (2004). Effective group discussion. Perspectives on Leadership in Small Groups, 11, 228-259. Arnott, M. & Chelladurai, P. (1985). Decision styles in coaching: Preference of basketball players. Research Quartely for Exercise and Sport, 56, 15-24. Beam, J., Serwatka, T., & Wilson, W. (2004). Preferred leadership of NCAA division I and II intercollegiate student-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, 3-17. Blanchard, K. H., Hershey P. (1977). Management of organizational behavior, (3). Blanchard, K Blanchard, K. H., Hershey P. & Natemeyer, W. E. (1979). Situational leadership, perception, and impact of power. Group & Organizational Studies, 4, 418-428. Bloom, G., Vallée C. (2005). Building a successful university program: Key and common elements of expert coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 179-196. Brawley, L., Carron, V. & Widmeyer, N. (1985). The measure of cohesion in sports teams: The group environment questionnaire. Sports Dynamics, 77-87. Carron, A., Chelladurai, P Carron, A., Chelladurai, P. (1981b). Cohesiveness as a factor in sport performance. International Journal of Sport Sociology, 16, 21-41. Case, B. (1987). Leadership behavior in sport: A field test of the situational leadership theory. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 256-268. Chelladurai, P. (1990). Leadership in sports: A review. International Journal of Sports Psychology, 21, 328-354. Chelladurai, P. (1999). Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics, 24, 150-170. Chelladurai, P., Saleh, S., (1978). Preferred leadership in sports. Candian Journal of Applies Sport Sciences, 3, 85-92. Côté, J.; Salmela, J. H. (1996). The organizational tasks of high-performance gymnastic coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 10,247-260. Côté, J.; Salmela, J.; Trudel, P.; Baria, A.; Russell, S. (1995). The coaching model: A grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches ' knowledge. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,17, 1-17. Dale, G., Jackson, A. & Martin, S. (2001). Youth coaching preferences of adolescent athletes and their parents. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 197-212. Felts, D., Lirgg, C. (1998). Perceived team and player efficacy in hockey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 146-158. Fuller, R., Sherman, C, & Speed, H. (2000). Gender comparisons of preferred coaching behaviors in Australian sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, 389-406. Gardner, D. E., Shields, D. L., Bredemeir, B. J., & Bostrom, A. (1996). Tile relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. The Sports Psycologist, 10, 367-381. Gervis, M. (2004). The emotional abuse if elite child athletes by their coaches. Child Abuse Review, 13, 215-223. Hackman M., Johnson C Horn, T. S. (1992). Leadership effectiveness in the sport domain. Advances in sport psychology, 181-199. Kent, A., Todd, S. (2004). Perceptions of the role differentiation behaviors of ideal peer leaders: A study of adolescent athletes. International Sports Journal, 8, 105-118. Mageau, Vallerand. (2003). The Coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 883-904. Martens, R., Peterson, J. A. (1971). Group cohesiveness as a determinant of success and member satisfaction in team performance. International Journal of Sports Sociology, 6, 49-61. Remland, M. (2003). Developing leadership skills in nonverbal communication: A situational perspective. The Journal of Business Communication, 3, 17-29. Shields, D. L., Bredemeir,B.J., Gardner, D. E., & Bostrom, A. (1995). Leaderhsip, cohesion, and team norms regarding cheating and aggression. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 324-336. Turman, P.D. (2003). Coaches and cohesion: The impact of coaching techniques on team cohesion in the small group sport setting. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 86-105. Turman, P.D. (2003). Athletic coaching form an instructional communication perspective: The influence of coach experience on high school wrestlers ' preference and perceptions of coaching behaviors across a season." Communication Education,14(3),73-86. Vos Strache, C. (1979). Player 's perceptions of leadership qualities for coaches. Research Quarterly, 50,679-686 Weiss, M., Westre, K Zorn, E., Violanti, M. (1993). Measuring leadership style: A review of leadership style instruments for classroom use. Communication Education, 42, 70-78. Zhang, J., Jensen, B. E. & Mann, B. L. (1997). Modification and revision of the leadership scale for sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20, 105-122.