D. What happens in the blood of an Rh-negative individual who is exposed to Rh-positive blood?…
2. A and B antigens determine our blood type: If you have type "A" blood, you have "A" antigens attached to the surface of your red blood cells and "Anti-B" antibodies not allowing "B" blood in. If you have type "B" blood, you have "B" antigens, and "Anti-A" antibodies not allowing "A blood in" If you have "AB" you have both antigens on your blood cells and no antibodies. If you have "O" you have no antigens but both "Anti-A" and "Anti-B" antibodies.…
In the ABO blood type, there are two main antigens, A and B. A type has the A antigen, B type…
Everyone always worry about what his or her blood type may be or which blood type is more predominant and what race that creates such high frequencies. The objective associated with this lab will compare these allele frequencies from different sample groups such as St. Thomas Black to that of USA, St. Thomas Black to that of the Hispanic ethnicity. But these comparisons are done to determine if these gene pools are significantly different from each other. There may be a few reasons why some places may have variations of gene pools; migration and the evolution of different ethnicities has created a diversification among cultural groups. So as a result, this lab experiment was conducted to determine which of the sample groups are either closely related or significantly different.…
Blood types: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O-, O+ (Type O- is universal donor)…
The blood is a fluid consisting of several types of cells floating in a liquid called plasma.…
27. What happens to the blood cells of type A if they are transfused to a person with blood type O? Which antibodies are involved?…
There are many blood cells in your body and in order to help your body to tell which blood cells are bad or good, your blood cells have antigens which are surface proteins on the blood cells. Antigens determines whether your blood type is A, B, AB, or O. The antigen gives each blood cell an identity. If an antigen is foreign in the body, your body will make antibodies which fight the foreign antigens. For example, if you have A antigens, any blood cell with an antigen other than A is seen as foreign and your body will begin to make antibodies to fight the it. The exception to this is type O blood; it has no surface protein so when it is being transfused with another blood type, the body doesn’t see it as foreign. When transfusing blood, the donor is the blood that is being donated and mixed with the other blood type. The recipient is the blood that is receiving the other blood type in a transfusion.…
When a B cell recognizes an antigen, the B cell has antigen receptors with 2 heavy chains and two identical chains joined by disulfide bonds. This gives a Y shape fore each antigen receptor protein on a B cell. An antigen receptor protein consists of two sites: a constant region (C) and a variable (V) region. In the constant region, the amino acid sequences remain similar to another antigen receptor from another B cell. What determines the main difference in targeting specific types pathogen for each B cell is the variable region. A variable region of an antigen receptor from one B cell has completely different amino acid sequencing than the variable region of another antigen receptor from another B cell. Thus, the variable region forms a bond with the specific antigen. This in terms activates the B cell to secrete antibodies. Similar to the Y-shaped structure of the antigen receptor, antibodies target on specific antigen binding site on a pathogen. Such process inactivates the infections from pathogen. After all, the variable region of an antigen receptor of a B cell provides a diverse variety of combinations of amino acids. This allows a greater diversity of specializing each B cell to target on specific pathogen.…
The role MHC class II plays on the immune system is that some of its genes code for proteins that will be expressed on the surface of the immune system cells. Peptides which are protein fragments outside the cells will allow these proteins to be attached to them, if these proteins are recognised by the immune system as foreign (such as viral and bacterial) the MHC will send a signal to the immune system to trigger an immune response against the invading bacteria or virus.…
The purpose of this exercise is to gain knowledge and become familiar with the components of blood and blood cells. In order to do this, a prepared slide as well as a slide using my own blood were used. The different types of cells along with antigen-antibody reactions of the ABO and Rh blood groups were understood by examining and identifying the reactions of my blood with the reagents.…
Blood is a fluid connective tissue and Plasma is the matrix that separates the red and white blood cells and the platelets from one another.…
After working in the field of blood type analysis with his father, Dr. Peter J.D’ Adamo, a second-generation naturopathic physician, became interested in discovering why certain people reacted differently towards different diet plans and exercise regimes (D’ Adamo XIV). He came to the realization that since blood was the fundamental source of nourishment to the body, perhaps some aspect of the blood could help identify these differences (D’ Adamo XIV). In his book, Eat Right for Your Blood Type, he explains that every human body has unique chemical markers called antigens. These antigens identify foreign substances that enter the body, in turn, making them the greatest defense for the immune system. There are many antigens attached to each red blood cell, but the most powerful is the one that determines blood type (D’ Adamo 19). Each blood type has a chemical structure where they are made of long sugar chains called fructose, which by itself forms the simplest of the blood types, blood Type O (D’ Adamo 18). Blood types A, B, and AB are all formed from fructose and another sugar (D’ Adamo 19).…
A blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes) and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents.…
| Slide: Blood, humanStain/colour: H&ELink: http://vslide.med.unsw.edu.au/flashslide.jsp?fn=aacr_b33.svs&mag=80 Prominent features: * Identify the different kinds of blood cells. * Note the large number of RBCs compared to WBCs –doughnut shaped, no nuclei. Use as “measuring stick” – 7 microns. * Platelets are much smaller – purple fragments. * Monocytes: large, bean-shaped nuclei * Neutrophils: small granules in cytoplasm, multi-lobed. * Lymphocytes: large, evenly stained nucleus with little cytoplasm. * Natural killer cell: large “clockface” nucleus. Some granules in cytoplasm. * Eosinophil: bilobed nucleus, reddish granules (not stained well in this slide). * Basophils: rare and probably not visible.…