However, upon close examination of the facts and cross-referencing from other sources, it appears much of McNamara’s account proves largely inaccurate, and lacks important detail. Essentially, McNamara’s memoir can be seen as an attempt to admonish himself of the controversy. He removes himself from many of the important events, and gives the illusion that he was a mere…
The war officially began in 1939. Americans were not searching out to become involved in the war, but were brought into it by the attacks of other countries. Perhaps men were more honored to die for their country because they were defending it, and they were trying to avenge the lives of the people who were killed in the Pearl Harbor bombing. They had a deep rooted, intrinsic motivation to fight for the country. Their country and their people were wronged, and so the soldiers who went to fight were determined to make it right for their fellow countrymen and women. Now, in the Vietnam War, O’Brien writes that “The war, I thought, was wrongly conceived and poorly justified” (18). In the case of the Vietnam war, no one had that intrinsic motivation. They were not defending their country, they were attacking another one. People were more motivated by fear than honor. Erik, a friend of O’Brien says early in the memoir, “All this not because of conviction, not for ideology; rather it’s from fear of our society’s censure […] Fear of weakness. Fear that to avoid war is to avoid manhood” (38). For O’Brien and many other men, this war was a pressure, not an…
Contrary to popular belief, Machiavelli is not a diabolic political figure in search of power. He is instead an astute politician who uses his extensive knowledge of politics to analyze various princes and principalities in order to educate future…
While many scholars attempted to theorize war in human history, only few were credited for constructing consistent theories on which people could base and further their understanding of war and warfare. Those include Greek Thucydides, Chinese Sun Tzu, and Indian Kautilya all three from 3-4th century BC; Prussian Carl von Clausewitz and Swiss Antoine-Henry Jomini both from 19th century. All of those prominent theorist had a lot to offer and therefore had great influence on our thinking in war, warfare, and strategy. However, Clausewitz’s theory offers more insight if one carefully and purposely studied the “paradoxical trinity” identified in his…
However, Machiavelli, no matter how extreme, violent at times, rigorous, and blunt he may come across, by setting examples and guides structured around the utilization of ruthlessness and egocentric cunning as the process of gaining political power, showed what a clear mind he had on what it takes to be an awe-inspiring leader, master of the art of winning a battle, and conquering lands. In this paper, by comparing the two, human nature and political potency, through the use of different ideologies of both, Plato and Machiavelli, corroborated that they were very powerful, unparalleled influences in the philosophy of human nature and the processes of political power as theorist of their…
Paper 4: Cognitive Dissonance in Fog of War People are largely motivated to stay consistent in how they act and feel, however they often have an unrealistic view of themselves. This view creates cognitive dissonance, or performing an action based off a thought that opposes one’s self concept (text, p.138). Cognitive dissonance occurs because people want to maintain a positive self –image, so instead of acknowledging short comings; they apply strategies to avoid the negative feeling dissonance can cause. In the Fog of War (2003), dissonance is clearly seen because the Vietnam War was very controversial leaving those who were involved to face personal struggles dealing with what their actions.…
This documentary about life and the era in which the former Secretary of Defense of the United States, Robert McNamara refers to the concept of “Fog of War “ to describe the level of ambiguity in knowledge of the situation experienced by the participants in military operations. Robert McNamara was a great man, because although he made mistakes major in his position as Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam War, his intentions were to do the right thing for his country.…
It is important that the people on the ground in direct combat understand the reason for the war, in order to be free from second-guessing and incorrect assumptions. It is safe to say that many of the soldiers in the Viet Nam war did not really understand the war in which they fought and died.…
In the film, Solomon’s argument is that this distortion of the truth or, at the very least a disassociation from the facts, is put forth by the media to cash in on hysteria and, knowingly or unknowingly, assist the government’s underhanded political maneuvering. The documentary starts back in the 1960s with Vietnam, exploring the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident, soon weaving through Nixon, Regan, Bush, Clinton, and Bush II to expose the routine of each administration, as they justify combat to keep the profitable war machine humming. “War Made Easy” opens fire on the media and their overall absolute carelessness. Solomon’s argument is an obvious one in that corporate news is impossible to trust. The networks, Fox, MSNBC, and CNN are all targeted here as leeches of the establishment, more consumed with creating elaborate war coverage intro graphics than even making a mild attempt to address the realities of conflict.…
“There was evidence in January that some attacks in the highlands might be conducted during the Tet holiday…it was evident that other attacks were imminent, and some targets had been identified” (Interim Report, 1968). Despite enemy security measures, communications intelligence was able to provide clear warning that attacks, probably on a larger scale than ever, were an immediate threat. There were U.S. and allied government officials felt that the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong lack the resources and means to pull of such an elaborate attack. Washington and Saigon expected attacks on some cities but they didn’t expect the offensive to affect the cities, the civilian command, control centers, radio stations and police headquarters as primary objectives. The general picture presented was an enemy unable to conduct an offensive of such scope and intensity. The main lesson learned during the Tet Offensive is to acknowledge the intelligence that is gathered from single source reporting. If General Westmoreland and other officers within the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces would have planned for the attack via HUMINT and Communications reporting, the outcome of the Tet Offensive would have been different. By not acknowledging the intelligence, indications and warnings of the enemy, it allows unsuspecting enemies to conduct spectacular attacks such as the Tet Offensive. Another lesson learned is to never underestimate your enemy. If you underestimate your enemy, you will not know the enemy’s capabilities until it actually occurrs. In the case of the Tet Offensive, The U.S. and South Vietnamese forces underestimated the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong and the U.S. and allied forces paid a heavy…
“War does not determine who is right - only who is left.” This quote was written by Bertrand Russell, a British author, mathematician, and philosopher. This quote explains that in war it does not matter whether or not you do the right thing, but whether or not you know how to survive. This quote relates to Liam O’ Flaherty’s short story and Thomas Hardy’s poem. In “The Sniper” by Liam O’Flaherty and “The Man He killed” by Thomas Hardy both literary works show similarities and differences by the use of plot, irony, and theme.…
Goran Rickard Johansson In Lesson 5: “Proportionality should be a guideline in war” McNamara answers the question of why the incendiary and nuclear bombs were dropped on Japanese cities by the U.S during World War II. Comparing the population of these Japanese cities to cities in America of equivalent size, McNamara says that the proportionality of the war on Japan was immoral. For instance, 51% of Tokyo was destroyed, with Tokyo being approximately the size of New York. In Toyama, 99% of the equivalent of Chattanooga was destroyed.…
Hedges, Chris. “War is a Force that gives Us Meaning.” New York; Anchor, 2005, 2-14.…
This playing around with the truth is what makes the soldiers skeptical of what is true and what isn 't. They see things differently as they are happening. They know what is happening at that point in time but their mind sees it in a different lighting. O 'Brien tells a story about a fellow soldier killed by a land mine. His name was Curt Lemon. He and another soldier were playing catch with a smoke grenade and Lemon takes a half step too far and steps on the land mine. However, that 's not how O 'Brien sees it. He sees Lemon step out from the dark tree canopy and into the sunlight. The sunlight seems to carry him up into the tree and he disappears. O 'Brien calls it beautiful. There 's nothing beautiful about a man being killed but that 's how he saw it. That 's how his mind saw it. During the war a soldier can get so used to death and killing. Maybe by just seeing it happen so often that they start to critique it and see the beauty in it. This is what the soldiers see then in that moment but when they go back and retrieve that memory they don 't know what is true and what isn 't true. The war has affected…
George W. Bush, our current President, must keep a copy of Machiavelli’s most celebrated work, “The Prince “(1513), on his desk in the Oval Office. In my opinion, Bush and his administration’s actions mimic Machiavelli’s advice to the Prince on the tactics that he should use to stay in power. I am going to discuss how President Bush uses Machiavellian principles.…