Roles of Manager

A manager is a person whom is in charge of place, business or a company. Managers usually have three types of roles which are as follows. * Interpersonal Roles * Informational Roles * Decisional Roles Interpersonal Roles:
The manager takes a major portion of responsibility to manage different things under management. These following are the most important roles under this
a) The figure head role
b) The Leader's Role
c) The Liaison Role
Informational Roles:
This is the role in which the manager plays a co-ordination with all the superiors and subordinates to manage the things sophisticatedly.
These are some of informational roles that manager performs in an organization.
The recipient role: This type of role is related to receiving the information from their superiors The Disseminator Role: These are related to passing the information to the subordinates
The spokesperson role: These are related to transmitting the information to those who works outside the organization and simultaneously receives the information from those outsiders.
Decisional Roles:
In this role the Manager plays a very important and active part and takes full responsibility to manage and to decide the things even the administrative point of view also.
The following are the important decision.
a) The Entrepreneurial role
b) A disturbance handler role
c) The resource allocator role
d) The negotiator role

These are the essential skills for a manager to perform their roles: * Technical: This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management.

* Human: This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A manager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others.

* Conceptual: This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts, to see the relations among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become.

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
Classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.
OPERANT CONDITIONING:
Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to create associations between behaviors and the consequences for those behaviors.

DIFFERENCES: * In classical conditioning a stimulus that already leads to a response is replaced by a different stimulus. * In operant conditioning a behavior is picked out and either reinforced or punished to make it more or less common.

* Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex. * Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior.

* Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors * Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors

* Classical conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary and stimulus * Operant conditioning involves in making an association between a voluntary
Behavior and a consequence.

EXMAPLES:
Classical conditioning: * You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. * You are having an affair with your best friend's spouse. Whenever you are alone together her perfume drives you crazy, but when your friend is around you both act normally. * The door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaks * Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy.

Operant conditioning: * When 5-year-old Jonathan draws a picture, takes it to his father and says, "Hey, look at my picture," Father looks up from his paper, says, "Uh, huh," and goes back to reading. Jonathan draws a car and takes it to Mama. "Yes, Dear. Now run along and play with your blocks." Jonathan quits drawing pictures. * Justin decides to play wrestling with an older boy, Jeff, who lives down the block. They are having fun until Justin decides to get a stick and play swords. He hits Jeff with the stick. Jeff is angry but he simply picks up his book bag and goes in the house. Justin is disturbed that his friend left and never hits Jeff with the stick again.