Sample Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study The public library is an institution that plays a very important role in nurturing society by offering knowledge and information to anyone who seeks for it. Among all the institutions in the world, libraries can be the most economical and effective source of materials and services. It makes certain costly books accessible to the general public.
The Philippines has 688 public libraries, consisting of 4 congressional, 52 provincial, 97 city, and 535 municipal libraries. Republic Act 7743(enacted June 17, 1994) mandates the creation and operation of a public library in every congressional district, city, and municipality throughout the country. On this basis there should be a total of 1,851 libraries in all, one for each of the country’s 220 congressional districts, 136 cities, and 1,495 municipalities. Yet, the country lacks 1,163 more libraries (Dioso, 2010). The number of existing libraries in the Philippines is less than what the law requires. It affects approximately 40% of the entire population.

Aside from the lack of facilities, the allotted budget for its operation and maintenance is insufficient to keep public libraries functioning effectively and efficiently. This results in decreasing quality of existing facilities, making it more challenging to operate. Hence, the reading public becomes dissatisfied and disinterested to visit public libraries.
Another issue that libraries face is the fast-growing digital media that are used as sources of information. According to the Online Computer Library Center report in 2006, 89% of college students use search engines to begin an information search, while only 2% start with a library web site; 93% are satisfied with their overall experience using a search engine, while 84% are satisfied with a library-assisted search (OCLC, 2006). Over the last several years, a significant transformation has been noticed in collection development policies and practices. The print medium is increasingly giving way to the electronic form of materials (Mulla, 2006). The growth of electronic books could spell the end for traditional libraries, while top writers say the switch to online reading could result in piracy (Sulimina, 2011). The continued development of this fact may eventually grow to a more deliberate problem.
The combination of modern technology and traditional setting is a challenge; it may yield to one way or another, too much dedication to technology creates unease of use to most of the users that are not updated with the technology while retaining the traditional setting creates a formal and boring perceptions to new generations. An operational system in public library facilities conforms the active use of energy, and it totally affects the cost of the library. If total use of natural ventilation is applied, it may result in discomfort of the users and compromise in preservation of the books due to existing climate in the Philippines. Hence, public library visitors are continually decreasing.
Provincial library is second to the National Library when it comes in hierarchy of public libraries; provinces with provincial library could supplement the absence of smaller public libraries like municipal and barangay libraries. Some of them have mobile libraries that roam around the whole province to render service to its citizen. The scope of service of a provincial library is a great factor to answer the lack of libraries in the Philippines.
If the major issue of public libraries is the feasibility of its construction and sustainability of its operation and maintenance, does relying more on natural and organic methods, where nature does its own process without using artificial energy at all, an effective solution for public libraries?

B. Statement of the Problem
Major Problem
The Philippines is experiencing down trend in public libraries; aside from its absence in some parts of the country, it has been a challenge to these institutions to cope with the shifting needs of the modern times, from technical system to upgraded facilities. Considering the shifting needs, total integration to modern technology may leave other users that are not tech-savvy behind, while retaining the traditional setting creates confined environment to the modern users. As to the operation system of such facility, total dependence on artificial energy could yield negative environmental impact and high maintenance cost, while dependence on natural ventilation may create an environment that is uncomfortable to users and affects preservation of library books and other collections.
Sub-Problem
* What are the present trends in public library used that need to be considered in the design of public provincial library? * What environment friendly design strategies to be used to assure a sustainable public provincial library? * What are the modern technologies should be incorporated to achieve efficiency of service in designing provincial library? * What living things is the best to mimic for the designing of public provincial library?

C. Thesis Goals and Objectives
Goals
This study aims to come up with the balance use of modern technology and traditional setting. The use of active and passive operation systems of provincial learning resource centers that effectively apply architectural solutions for the integration of modern technology and biomimicry in enhancing the facilities of the public provincial library attracts more users and preserves the environment.
Objectives
1. To find out new trends in designing a public provincial library. Strategies: -Research on the design trends of modern libraries as well as the technologies used in it. -Conduct case studies on international public libraries that offer new trends in operation and maintenance. 2. To study different architectural data that can be applied in public provincial library to sustain its operation and maintenance. Strategies: - Research on the environmental friendly design techniques that are applicable in public provincial library. -Conduct case studies on existing local and international public libraries that use environmental friendly design. 3. To study some modern design technologies that are applicable in designing public provincial library to achieve is efficiency service. Strategies: - Research on the design of modern public libraries that uses new system of service for efficiency. - Conduct case studies on existing local and international public libraries that use modern technologies. 4. To study the natural process in the environment to be emulated for the operational system of public provincial library facilities. Strategies: - Research on the principles of biomimicry and its application to the design - Consult biologists to understand how to effectively apply nature to the architectural design - Explore possibilities in nature that could be applied to the design.

D. Scope and Limitation
Scope
The study will focus on the innovation of a public library in the provincial level to suit the shifting needs of major users in these modern times, such as students, professionals, and children. It will attempt the integration of hybrid building system and the application of biomimicry as design tools. The study covers design strategies and techniques, such as: * Environment-friendly design of a library * Modern architectural design * Building Innovations - Biomimicry

Limitations
By covering all the areas concerned and analyzing numerous principles, certain considerations are required. The limiting factors are: * Time Constraint and Location of Libraries
The time span of the study is only limited for 3 months. The researchers could not visit all the prospective provinces that do not have a public provincial library due to its distance. * Inclement weather
Due to climate change, inclement weather often happens in the Philippines. Thus, some of the scheduled appointments with the significant agencies are more likely to be postponed which affects the time table of the study.

E. Significance of the Study

* To end users
The public provincial library can be the most economical and effective source of learning that anyone – child or adult –needs to get access. It greatly serves for the benefit of students and also for the poor people who cannot afford to buy books.
This study will be beneficial to the community in nurturing their knowledge with the applications of new technology in a library setting, creating a more environment-friendly facility.
-To children Children will be more encouraged to visit public libraries because of the modern facilities that offer activities suited to their age. It is also an ideal place to have a quality time between parents and their children since the facilities encourage more interaction.
-To students and professionals
Users will be more interested in visiting the facility because not only will it offer the widest selection of reading materials and sources, but it will also provide a conducive place for learning. The institution will also house additional facilities and spaces to accommodate a dynamic acquisition of knowledge.

* To Architecture development
This proposal will be a model structure, creating a new image of a public library that possesses unique solutions to have low impact in environment and promote the wellbeing of the society. It will encourage architects and engineers to solve design problems in a more organic way that will create a benchmark in designing libraries in the Philippines. * To the province
The configuration of the design and spaces of the proposed library will be much connected with the province’s legacy with respect to its arts and culture. It will hopefully promote tourism as well as help preserve the culture of the place.

F. Assumptions
A public library shall be established in every provincial, congressional district, city, municipality in the country as a joint undertaking of the National Library, the Department of Interior and Local Government, the Philippine Information Agency, the local government unit, public-private partnerships and the citizens of the locality.

G. Theoretical/conceptual framework

Lighting (Day lighting and Artificial Lighting
Modern Technologies

Passive and Active energy use operation system

Hybrid Learning Resource Hub:
Integration of Biomimicry and Innovative Design of Public Provincial Library
Emulating Termite Mound,
Biomimicry

Site Strategies, Water and Energy efficiency strategies, and Materials
Environmental Friendly design of library
Users:

Children
Students
Professionals

Library Facilities

Modern and Traditional setting of Library

Changing nature of library architecture

Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework

H. Review of Related Literature
H.1 Development of Public Library in the Philippines
In Philippine history, there has been no trace of a library during ancient times until the colonial period. The early collections were from the Spanish missionaries that were mainly used for learning other language and culture,aside from being a receptacle of religious works, maps, and manuscripts. The earliest recorded collection was in1853, a private collection owned by a friar. The acquisition of books then was through barter trade with Chinese merchants and through shipping from Europe. The collection of books during that time was for private and aristocrat use only.

The roots of a modern Philippine library may be traced during the 18th century, the so-called “Age of Enlightenment.” King Charles III of Spain created “Sociedades Economicas,” a forum for the cultivation of scientific knowledge and cultural ideas to foster agriculture, industry, and craftsmanship. It was established in the Philippines in 1781,through which the government distributed free books to the people. In 1850, the government of England passed a law which prompted the conception of a public or popular library. The establishment of such a facility was made possible through public taxes. The concept was implemented in the Philippines in 1877.

Different classifications of a library were started in Spain. In 1858, the Spanish government defined public libraries as national library, university library, and provincial library. The establishment then came from the funds of local government and from the collection of the Central government. The first public library in the Philippines was Museo-Biblioteca De Filipinas, built in 1887and housed the first catalogue material and library bulletin. Since then, interest of the public in reading grew. The introduction of the press, increased political and ideological tension, modern trends in arts and sciences had created more thirst for reading.

After the Civil war in 1965, the United States of America brought the foundation of librarianship in the country. A more developed and organized system of library service has been established, from cataloging rules to book classification system. Establishment of school libraries has been implemented too.

World War II has yielded a lot of damage in the Philippines, including public libraries that lost thousands of their collections. The Post-War rehabilitation gave the Philippine libraries its rebirth by re-establishment, organization, and modernization. By then, new technology has become available in library services.
Nowadays non-books or non-print materials and multimedia, which contain graphics, visuals, and sounds, are a necessity in libraries. Nonetheless, books and other print materials remain--reading continues to be a vital part of the library.

H.2 Issues of Public Libraries in the Philippines
There are two old issues libraries face in these modern times: how to make the library a conducive and comfortable place for reading and how to make the general public love reading. First, attention must be given to improving the image of the library. It depends on the initiative of the head librarian and the local government as well. Philippine libraries are often poorly provisioned. Every operating library needs constant funding.
Libraries are often uncomfortable places to stay. The long tables, which are used in traditional libraries, may not be ideal anymore for libraries to give its users an environment that is suitable for deep concentration.It also usually happens that these long tables are used by users to chat with others. Poor ventilation is another issue especially in a country where the climate is hot. Based on the studies, librarians are not usually friendly. At the end of the day, libraries must be a place that is perfect for learning.
H.3 Changing Nature of Library Architecture
“We know almost nothing about why libraries are changing because our traditional data collection practices tend to be myopic…” (Troll, 2002). Changes in libraries are inevitable. It has to respond to changes in the learning and research environment and changes in the behavior of library users. Libraries are adding new digital resources while maintaining most of the old traditional resources and services. Many libraries have been reducing or eliminating reader and staff spaces for years to accommodate growing physical collections.
Modern technology is one of the main factors why library design configuration is bound to change. Nonetheless it is for the enhancement of servicesand the experience of the users as well. It aims to have a better and greater community and educational role for libraries, expansion in higher education, and growth of lifelong learning and impact of popular culture in libraries. Traditional | Modern | Hierarchal design and circulation | Open plan design and circulation | Imposing steps and entrance | Street level retail entrance | Domes and rotunda | Atriums and top floor cafes | Restricted access to books | Open access to books and materials | Temple of knowledge | The living room in the city | Institutional furniture | Domestic or club furniture | Standalone building | Shared space with other services | Librarians as knowledge custodians | Librarians as knowledge navigators | Child free | Child friendly | Galleries and mezzanines | Escalators and lifts | Individual study carrels | Seminar rooms computer suits |
Table 1.1: Changing nature of library architecture (Source: Cabe and Resource, 2003)

Libraries have changed throughout generation, from being depositories of books, newspapers, and journals to being local knowledge centers to a more wide-ranged spectrum of knowledge and information. There have been multimedia tools--like videos, electronic devices, internet sources, and amenities--and special collections that support a lifelong learning--reinforcing the role of schools and colleges in the community. This has changed the design values and broadened the role of a typical library.

The shifting needs of users lead to shifting roles of a library. These contemporary roles of the public library have a wider scope and responsibility in the community. It becomes a building which helps cement together a community: buildings which are meeting places, IT learning and support center, art gallery and museum, access point to council services, lifelong center, etc.
Knowledge

LIBRARY

Reflection

Exchange

Figure 1.2: Key relationship in the library (Brian Edwards)
Figure 1.2: Changing nature of library architecture (Source: Cabe and Resource, 2003)

Incorporation of new technology in libraries causes more opportunity rather than obsolescence. It has liberated the library from stereotypical forms and altered it to new design fundamentals. Before, silence is the ultimate major rule in all parts of libraries, but now sharing of knowledge is encouraged even between individuals or in groups while still preserving silent areas for intrapersonal seeking of knowledge. * Collection Storage
Library planning historically has involved the organization and protection of collection storage to allow ready access to users and easy delivery of service by the staff. The collection storage is still one of the principal space uses of libraries, even as electronic media and online access to information have changed the nature of information storage and retrieval. Traditional book stacks can occupy over 50% of a library’s space and are still the preferred method of collection storage and access for high-use material (Dean, 2004). Efficient space planning of stack areas is an essential design objective in order to minimize the building cost impact.
The high cost of building construction has led to the development of alternative materials storage and handling systems in modern library buildings, especially for collection items that have lower demand or special space needs, which utilize high-density storage techniques. These systems eliminate significant amounts of building floor area normally required to house the collection. Movable shelving systems eliminate much of the space usually given over to walking aisles, while new types of automated systems compact the storage volume, reducing the size of the building even more significantly. Each type of collection storage system has planning and service issues that should be carefully considered during the programming phase of the project in addition to other cost and staff issues. * Technology Infrastructure of libraries
With the advent of the information age and the radical change in library materials, media and means of access to information, the nature of certain types of building systems have changed accordingly. The most dramatic of these changes was the evolution of building communications and its associated equipment into the broad category of technology systems. Technology systems in a building now encompass any digital device, digital media, routing devices, operating systems, digital networks and servers, audio-visual systems, cabling systems, and digital wireless devices that are used to provide access to sources of digital information, modify that information, or even create information. The technology infrastructure is the name usually given to the equipment, the control and operating sub-systems, the network connections, and the cabling of the total technology system as it resides in the building. The building’s technology infrastructure is connected to utility services outside the building, such as telephone or cable service; this incoming service is referred to as the technology utility.

a) Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature Biomimicry as “Innovation inspired by nature” (Benyus, J. 1997). It takes its name from the Greek words “bios” meaning life and “mimesis,” meaning imitate. A solution to human challenges, biomimicry is a study of nature’s design and structure by means of imitation. With its very scientific process, biomimicry, on its principle, has been there for 3.8 billion years in history; past and current problems that humans have been trying to solve have been successfully solved by nature itself.

The concept is tagged as an innovation and is relatively new in the modern times. Nonetheless the practice of this technology has been going on for some time. By observing some species, mankind has learned how to adapt these behaviors to suit human needs. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the great people who has big proponent of learning nature and using it as inspiration to his works. Airplanes are derived from birds’ structure, which was designed by flight pioneers, the Wright brothers. It has been used as natural solutions that are able to connect with human solutions.

Nature is studied by looking at it in new ways to fully appreciate and understand how it can be used to help solve problems. By this process, nature is used as a model, measure, and mentor; nature as model means emulating nature’s forms, processes, and systems to solve human problems; nature as measure means using it as a standard in the evaluation of designs and solutions. Nature as mentor is about human relationship to nature, suggesting that instead of acting like separate from it, humans should accept that they are a part of nature; thus, they should behave accordingly.
Design application of biomimicry can be done in two ways: proceeding from design to nature and going from nature to design. The design to nature approach works by identifying a design problem and turning to nature for a similar problem and solution. This approach is immediately valuable to designers looking for inspiration. However, designers can also work in reverse, applying biomimicry by studying nature and imagining human applications for nature’s designs.

Manmade system | Biological system | Simple, disconnected and prone to error | Complex, interconnected and symbolic | Linear wasteful | Closed loop/ zero waste | Resistant to change | Adapted to constant change | Long-term toxins | No long-term toxins used | Centralized/ non-cultural | Distributed and diverse | Fossil fuel dependent | Run on current solar income | Maximize one goal | Optimized as a whole system | Extractive | Additive |
Table 1.2: comparative analysis between manmad e system
Figure 1.2: Changing nature of library architecture (Source: Cabe and Resource, 2003)

Principle of Biomimicry * Nature as Model
Biomimicry is a new science that studies nature’s model and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems. * Nature as Measure
Biomimicry uses an ecological standard to judge the “rightness” of our innovations. After 3.8 million years of evolution, nature has learned: What works? What is appropriate? What lasts? * Nature as Mentor
Biomimicry is a new way of viewing and valuing nature. It introduces an era based not on what we can extract from the natural world, but on what we can learn from it

Application of Biomimicry * Mimicking Process -Self-assembly * Mimicking Form -Power of Shape

How to Design with Biomimicry
Figure 1.2: Biomimicry Design Spiral
Figure 1.2: Changing nature of library architecture (Source: Cabe and Resource, 2003)
The design spiral formulated by the Biomimicry Guild helps the designers, not only in the field of construction and architecture but any other industries designing products for humans. It suggests 5 steps of design processes. Starting with identifying the design function, one asks “What do you want to design?” instead of “What your design want to do?” and by keeping on asking “Why do you want your design to do that?” After identifying the design function, translation to biology comes next. It will be understood by asking “How does nature do that function?” and “What are the principles of life?” The third step is to discover things by exploring nature and consulting a biologist, considering not only the literal aspect but also the metaphorical side of such organism. Emulate design against life principle. It is like looking for the negative side of the design to improve it to become a positive one. This could be achieved by asking “Can the design adapt and evolve?”, “Does the design create conditions conducive to life?”,and lastly “How do you improve the design?”This makes biomimicry an effective tool in the design process.

I. Methodology of Research

Data Gathering | Tactics | Application | Person/ Agency | Needed information | Instruments used | Time Loci | Interview | Conduct interview with the chief of Public Libraries Division and Information technology of National Library of the Philippines regarding the funding construction and operation of public libraries. Issues about public libraries in the Philippines | Mrs. NonilaYaunder (PLD-NLP) | -Laws about public libraries-Budget assigned for public libraries-Operation and maintenance cost-Process of acquisition of books and materials-Current condition of public libraries-New trends in public libraries | -Research letter, Interview form/ questionnaire, ball pen, recorder, journal | 2rd week of July | Data collection | Collection of statistical data about the number of prospective provinces that has not been constructing provincial library and the basic requirements for the feasibility of funding such facility like economy, population and number of existing schools, since students are the major users of public library | National Library of The Philippines | -Number of existing public libraries-Provinces that have no provincial libraries | -Research letter, ball pen, flash drive, journal | 2rd week of July | | | Department of education and CHED | -Number of existing schools in provinces | -Research Letter, ball pen, flash drive, journal | 3rd week of July | | | National Statistics Office | -Comprehensive profile of prospective 28 provinces that have no provincial library | -Research Letter, ball pen, flash drive, journal | 3rd week of July | Survey | Survey is conducted in central Luzon area having 100 respondents, mostly students through the internet | Students and professional in Central Luzon(100 respondents) | -Respondents interest and preference-How, when and why people use library. | -Survey form/ questionnaire, ball pen, recorder, journal | 4th week of July | Case Study | Both foreign and local case studies will be conducted regarding the existing universities provided for students to identify the insufficiencies that are needed to be addressed. The case study would include:-Existing condition of the area of studies.-Analysis of the problem present in the area.-Recommendation and design solution that can answer the occurring problems. | National Library of the PhilippinesPasig City library and Discovery Centrum | -General Information about the library-Architectural features-Positive and negative aspects of design-Photo | -Research letter, Digital camera, journal, questionnaire, ballpoint pen. | 1st week of September | Site Visit | After coming up with the best site for the proposal, the researchers went to the province of Bataan to gather relevant and essential physical and cultural data of the province.The researchers also consult the planning and development office for the best lot where the proposal could be constructed. Observation of people and the city is also done | Bataan Provincial Planning and Development OfficeBataan Provincial Assessor’s Office | -Profile of the province and City of Balanga-maps for macro site and microsite.-Existing Laws and Ordinance-Cultural Data-Cadastral map | -Research letter, Digital camera, journal, questionnaire, ball pen. | 1st week of September | Research through affiliation | To be able to comprehend and gather information about the Biomimicry design tool, the researchers join the Biomimicry Design guild founded by Janine Benyus, where one can ask and consult Biomimicry experts and professional biologist, designer, architect about the subject matter. | Ask nature.comBiomimicry 3.8 Design guild | -Biomimicry principles, process of application and integration | -Personal computer | |

Interpretation and analysis of Gathered Data | Activity | Application | Tactics | Instruments used | Time Frame | Evaluation | Examination of the information presented in the previous chapters and turn up with those that can provide as the foundation for further development of the study. | Through the theoretical foundation and the factual components presented of first chapters, analyze the:- Definite needs that can be satisfied by architectural solutions.- Process the situational needs of the study that convey architectural requirements. | -Data and information collected in previous chapters, ball pen, thesis journal | 3rd week of September |

Design Synthesis | Activity | Application | Tactics | Instruments used | Time Frame | Formulation of design proposal | This chapter will link to translation. Which will be:-the basic contents of the concept board. - unifying established theories and the concepts thing at work | Forming design philosophy, goal, objectives and parameters. This is different from the thesis goal and objectives of chapter one. | Compilation of working data, important notes and suggestions of expert, ball pen, thesis journal. | 4th week of September |
Table 1.3: Methodology

A. Definition of Terms ACTIVE COOLING SYSTEM – refers to systems that use mechanical devices like air – conditioning, pumps and fans for the comfortability of the users. BIOMIMICRY – (from “bios,” meaning life, and “mimesis,” meaning to imitate) is a new discipline that studies nature 's best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. ENERGY EFFICIENCY – is "using less energy to provide the same service." ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY – (also eco-friendly, nature friendly, and green) are ambiguous terms used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines, and policies claiming to inflict minimal or no harm on the environment. HYBRID LIBRARY SYSTEM – a combination of modern technology and a traditional library setting. HYBRID BUILDING SYSTEM – a system for ventilation, lighting, etc., that uses natural and artificial elements as its source. LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER –a venue for acquiring learning and research materials MODERN TECHNOLOGY – advanced machines that render new ways to make human tasks easier and faster PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM – to systems that use natural energy without relying on mechanical devices. SEARCH ENGINE – are World Wide Web programs that search documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found (e.g., Google, Yahoo, Ask). B. Bibliography
Books:
-Benyus, J. (1997) Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired By Nature, ISBN 0-688-16099-9
- Kreith, F., Goswami, Y. (2007). Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, CRC Press
- Littlefield, D. (2008) Metric Handbook: Planning and Design, Data libraries and information centers. 29,1-15, Elsevier Architectural Press.
- Glass, J. (2002) Encyclopedia of Architectural Technology, Lighting-Day lighting, pg 190-191 John Wiley and sons LTD, England
Websites:
-Design boom, (2010). Bio mimicry. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from http://www.designboom.com
-Hernandez, V. (1999) Trends in Philippine Library History. 65th IFLA Council and General Conference, retrieved August 1, 2012 from http://www.archive.IFLA.org
-Sulimina, A. (2011), Traditional Libraries under Threat, The Moscow News, retrieve July 8, 2012 from http;//wwwthemoscownews.com
Articles:
-Dioso, L. (2010), News and Events: The Philippines needs many many more public libraries. Retrieve July 1, 2012 from http://ladiosolibrary.org.
-Troll, D. (2002), “How and Why Libraries are changing: What We Know and What We Need to Know” Library Research and Publication. Paper 64

-Ongunsola, L.A. (2011),The next Step in Librarianship: Is The Traditional Library Dead? ObafemiAwolowo University, ISSN 1522-0222

-Cruz, P. (2003), The library and the promotion of reading, National Library of the Philippines News., retrieve august 1, 2012 from http;//www.hdl.go.jp

Bibliography: - Kreith, F., Goswami, Y. (2007). Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, CRC Press - Littlefield, D - Glass, J. (2002) Encyclopedia of Architectural Technology, Lighting-Day lighting, pg 190-191 John Wiley and sons LTD, England Websites: -Design boom, (2010). Bio mimicry. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from http://www.designboom.com -Hernandez, V -Sulimina, A. (2011), Traditional Libraries under Threat, The Moscow News, retrieve July 8, 2012 from http;//wwwthemoscownews.com Articles: -Dioso, L. (2010), News and Events: The Philippines needs many many more public libraries. Retrieve July 1, 2012 from http://ladiosolibrary.org. -Troll, D. (2002), “How and Why Libraries are changing: What We Know and What We Need to Know” Library Research and Publication. Paper 64 -Ongunsola, L.A -Cruz, P. (2003), The library and the promotion of reading, National Library of the Philippines News., retrieve august 1, 2012 from http;//www.hdl.go.jp