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Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military During World War Two

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Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military During World War Two
Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two | | | | 5/3/2010 |

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Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two
Thesis: Although the U.S. military has been a leader in desegregation and in other social matters, during World War Two fear and prejudice keep many highly qualified people from serving. This weakened every branch of the military by limiting it to a less diverse and therefore less flexible fighting force. 1. History of the U.S. Military a. Leader in social matters i. Inclusion of minorities ii. Upward mobility iii. Equal protection b. Exclusion of certain groups iv. Lack of upward mobility into upper ranks v. Restriction to certain jobs 2. World War Two Minorities c. African Americans vi. Inclusion 1. The Draft and quotas 2. 369th Hell Fighters 3. Tuskegee Airman vii. Port Chicago Disaster d. Native Americans viii. Code talkers 4. Invaluable resource 5. Creation and use 6. Top secret until middle 1968 e. Females ix. Triumphs 7. Warfighter Squadron/WASP 8. Nurses 9. “Y” Women 10. WAAC/WAC 11. 688th Central Postal Directory x. Failures 12. No Recognition 13. Disbanded After the War f. Conclusion xi. Fighting for Rights At Home xii. Inefficiency of Racism xiii. The Present and Future

The history of the United States military has been one of contradictions. From the American Revolution to modern times the every branch of the military has evolved into one of the most efficient fighting forces in the world. As society changes so has the military. At times, the service has been at the leading edge inclusion, but it has still



Bibliography: Brandt, Nat. Harlem at War: the Black Experience in World War Two, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 1996. Robert L Cole, Wendy Women Pilots of World War Two, University of Utah Press (March 3, 1992) Documents Nalty, Bernard C. The Right to Fight : African-American Marines in World War Two, Washington, DC, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps : Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., distributor, 1995. Bielakowski, Alexander. African American Troops in World War Two, Osprey Publishing Oxford UK, 2007 Buchanan, Russell Ferguson, William. Black Flyers in World War Two, Cleveland, OH, W. C. Ferguson, 1987. Hargrove, Hondon Penick, Motley. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier, World War Two, compiled and edited by Mary Penick Motley. Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1975. McGuire, Phillip Potter, Lou, Miles, William and Rosenblum. Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War Two, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992. Putney, Martha Smith, Graham. When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War Two Britain, New York, St. Martin 's Press, 1988. Wynn, Neil Francis, Charles. The Tuskegee Airmen: the Men Who Changed a Nation, 3rd, revised and enlarged. Boston, Branden Pub. Co., 1993. Holway, John Shepler, John. Navajo Code Talkers, America 's Secret Weapon, May 9, 1999, accessed 3/18/2010 http://www.johnshepler.com/articles/codetalkers.html. Gomez, Rita. Black WACs and Bad Times in the Good War. Current News Special Edition: Equal Opportunity No. 1911: 21-22: June 1992. [ 2 ]. Phillip McGuire, "He, Too, Spoke for Democracy: Judge Hastie, World War Two, and the Black Soldier" (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 33. [ 3 ]. Michael Lanning, Lt. Col. The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell (New York, Kensington Publishing Corp., June 1997), 33. [ 4 ]. Hondon Hargrove, Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War Two (Jefferson: McFarland, 1985), 39. [ 5 ]. Phillip McGuire, He, Too, Spoke for Democracy: Judge Hastie, World War Two, and the Black Soldier ( New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 59. [ 6 ]. Alexander Bielakowski, African American Troops in World War Two (Oxford UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007), 98. [ 7 ]. Craig Trice, The Men that Served with Distinction: the 761st Tank Battalion (Fort Leavenworth: Army Command and General Staff College (U.S.) School of Advanced Military Studies), 1997), 73. [ 8 ]. Charles Francis, The Tuskegee Airmen: the Men Who Changed a Nation: 3rd, revised and enlarged. (Boston: Branden Pub. Co., 1993), 26. [ 9 ]. Francis Noel Parrish, "Reflections on the Tuskegee Experiment. Interview". Aerospace Historian 24:173-180 September (1977), 175. [ 10 ]. Graham Smith, When Jim Crow Met John Bull : Black American Soldiers in World War Two Britain (New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1988), 99. [ 11 ]. Neil Wynn, The Afro-American and the Second World War (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), 123 – 124. [ 12 ]. Alan Gropman "The Air Force, 1941-1951: From Segregation to Integration" Air Power History 40:25-29 Summer (1993), 27. [ 13 ]. William Ferguson, Black Flyers in World War Two (Cleveland: W. C. Ferguson, 1987), 52. [ 14 ]. John Holway, Red Tails, Black Wings: The Men of America 's Black Air Force (Las Cruces: Yucca Tree, 1997), 326. [ 15 ]. Russell Buchanan, Black Americans in World War Two (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1977), 19 – 21. [ 16 ]. Neil Wynn, The Afro-American and the Second World War (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), 88. [ 17 ]. Robert L. Allen, Port Chicago Mutiny ( New York: N Warner Books, 1989), 98. [ 19 ]. Lawrence E. Davies "AT LEAST 350 DEAD AS MUTIONS SHIPS BLOW UP ON COAST" Historic New York Times (1944): 1. [ 20 ]. Robert L. Allen, Port Chicago Mutiny (New York: N Warner Books 1989), 115. [ 21 ]. Russell Buchanan, Black Americans in World War Two (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1977), 120 – 123. [ 22 ]. Robert L. Allen, Port Chicago Mutiny (New York: N Warner Books 1989), 147. [ 23 ]. Robert L. Allen, Port Chicago Mutiny (New York: N Warner Books 1989), 148 – 150.

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