Sevcan

SLAVERY for Historical Statistics of the United States Millennial Edition

Stanley L. Engerman, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright

University of California Project on the Historical Statistics of the United States Center for Social and Economic Policy Policy Studies Institute University of California, Riverside March 2003

Engerman is John H. Munro Professor of Economics and Professor History, University of Rochester; Sutch is Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of California, Riverside; and Wright is William Robertson Coe Professor of Economic History at Stanford. Table and figure references in angle brackets (< >) refer to data tables that will appear in a number of different chapters in Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition. The format was devised, in collaboration with Cambridge University Press, to meet specialized, technical needs and to facilitate the transmission of over 100,000 files from the Historical Statistics editorial office in the Center of Social and Economic Policy at UC Riverside to Cambridge University Press. The format was not optimized for the general user. The Center for Social and Economic Policy at UC Riverside provided financial assistance. Suggested Citation: Stanley L. Engerman, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright.. "Slavery.” In Susan B. Carter, Scott S. Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, eds., Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2004. JEL Classification Codes: N31.

T time. he "peculiar institution" of slavery cuts a swath through the heart of American history, with effects lasting long after its abolition by Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

(1865). African slavery on the mainland goes back almost to the beginnings of European settlement and was practiced in all parts of British colonial America. But the

References: Conrad, Alfred H., and John R. Meyer. "The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South," Journal of Political Economy 66 (April 1958): 95-130. Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. David, Paul A.; Herbert G. Gutman; Richard Sutch; Peter Temin; and Gavin Wright. Reckoning With Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Drescher, Seymour and Stanley L. Engerman. A Historical Guide to World Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 24 Goldin 1976. Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.), The Reinterpretation of American Economic History. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Fogel, Robert W. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. Fogel, Robert W., and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974. Galenson, David W. White Servitude in Colonial America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Galenson, David W. "The Settlement and Growth of the Colonies," in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Goldin, Claudia. Urban Slavery in the South, 1820-1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. Gray, Ralph, and Betty Wood. "The Transition from Indentured to Involuntary Labor in Colonial Georgia," Explorations in Economic History 13 (October 1976): 353-70. Hodges, Graham Russell. Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North: African Americans in Monmouth County, New Jersey, 1665-1865. Madison, WI: Madsion House Publications, 1997. Kotlikoff, Laurence J. The Structure of Slave Prices in New Orleans, 1804 to 1862," Economic Inquiry 17 (1979): 496-517. Menard, Russell R. "From Servants to Slaves: The Transformation of the Chesapeake Labor System," Southern Studies 16 (Winter 1977): 355-90. Menard, Russell R. "Economic and Social Development of the South," in Engerman and Gallman (Eds.), Cambridge Economic History. Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery. New York: D. Appleton, 1918. Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963. First published 1929. Pritchett, Jonathan B. "Quantitative Estimates of the United States Interregional Slave Trade, 1820-1860," Journal of Economic History 61 (June 2001): 467-475. Ransom, Roger, and Richard Sutch. "Capitalists Without Capital: The Burden of Slavery and the Impact of Emancipation," Agricultural History 62 (Summer 1988): 133-160, reprinted in Morton Rothstein and Daniel Field (eds.), Quantitative Studies in Agrarian History. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1993. Sutch, Richard. "The Profitability of Ante Bellum Slavery -- Revisited," Southern Economic Journal 31 (April 1965): 365-377. Sutch, Richard. "The Breeding of Slaves for Sale and the Westward Expansion of Slavery, 18501860," in Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D. Genovese (eds.), Race and Slavery in theWestern Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders and Slaves in the Old South. Madsion WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. Wade, Richard C. Slavery in the Cities. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. Yasuba, Yasukichi. "The Profitability and Viability of Plantation Slavery in the United States," The Economic Studies Quarterly 12 (1961), reprinted in R. W. Fogel and S. L. Zilversmit, Arthur. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. CHRONOLOGY OF EMANCIPATION: 1761-1888 Sources: Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974, Table 1, pp. 33-34. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1780-1823. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975, particularly pp. 23-36. Leslie B. Rout, Jr., The African Experience in Spanish America: 1502 to the present day. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976, pp. 185-312. Junius P. Rodriguez, Chronology of World Slavery. Santa Barbara, ABC-CLL0, 1999. CHRONOLOGY 1761. The Philadelphia Society of Friends votes to exclude slave traders from church membership. 1772. Lord Chief Justice Mansfield rules that slavery is not supported by English law, thus laying the legal basis for the freeing of England 's 15,000 slaves. 1774. The Philadelphia Society of Friends votes to adopt rules forbidding Quakers to buy or sell slaves. 1775. Slavery abolished in Madeira. 1776. The Society of Friends in England and in Pennsylvania requires members to free their slaves or face expulsion. 1777. The Vermont Constitution prohibits slavery. 1780. The Massachusetts Constitution declares that all men are free and equal by birth; a judicial decision in 1783 interprets this clause as having the force of abolishing slavery. 1780. Pennsylvania adopts a policy of gradual emancipation, freeing the children of all slaves born after November 1, 1780 on their twenty-eighth birthday. The "law of the free womb" is a provision contained in all other cases of gradual emancipation. 1784. Rhode Island and Connecticut pass gradual emancipation laws. Final ending of slavery occurs in 1842 in Rhode Island and 1848 in Connecticut. 1787. Formation in England of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. 1788. The Société des Amis des Noirs formed in France. The British Parliament passes legislation regulating the number of slaves per vessel to be carried in the slave trade. 1791. Slaves in St. Domingue (Haiti) rise in insurrection against the French, achieving independence in 1804. 1793. Upper Canada passes a gradual emancipation law. By 1800 there were judicial decisions and legislation effectively limiting slavery elsewhere in Canada. Slavery was ended in 1834 as a result of British legislation. 1794. The French National Convention abolishes slavery in all French territories. This law was repealed by Napoleon in 1802. 1799. New York passes a gradual emancipation law. Legislation for the final ending of slavery was passed in 1817, to take effect in 1827. 1800. U.S. citizens barred from exporting slaves. 1803. Denmark ends its international slave trade. 1804. Slavery abolished in independent Haiti. New Jersey adopts a policy of gradual emancipation, but the final ending of slavery does not occur until 1846. 1808. England and the United States prohibit engagement in the international slave trade. 1811. Chili enacts a statute for gradual emancipation. Slavery ends in 1823. 1813. Argentina adopts a policy of gradual emancipation. The final ending of slavery occurs in 1853. 1820. England begins using naval power to suppress the international slave trade. 1821. Colombia begins a process of gradual emancipation. The ending of slavery takes place in 1852. Gradual emancipation also begins in Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, with slavery ending in 1851, 1854, and 1854 respectively. 1824. Slavery abolished in Central America. 1825. Uruguay begins the process of gradual emancipation. Slavery ends in 1853. 1829. Mexico abolishes slavery. 1831. Bolivia begins the process of gradual emancipation. Slavery ends in 1861. 1834. As the result of legislation passed in 1833, England begins the period of apprenticeship. Slavery is ended in 1838. Compensation is paid to slaveowners. 1841. The Quintuple Treaty is signed by England, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, treating the slave trade as privacy and allowing searches of vessels on the high seas in order to suppress the international slave trade. 1842. Paraguay begins the process of gradual emancipation. Slavery does not end until 1869. 1848. Slavery abolished in all French and Danish colonies. 1851. The slave trade to Brazil is ended. 1862. Slavery ended in Washington, D.C. with some compensation paid to slaveowners. 1863. Slavery ended in all Dutch colonies, with a period of apprenticeship. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) in the U.S. freed all slaves in the areas of rebellion. 1865. Slavery abolished in the United States due to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution at the ending of the Civil War. 1867. The slave trade to Cuba is ended. 1870. The Moret law starts process of gradual emancipation in Spanish colonies. 1871. Gradual emancipation initiated in Brazil. 1873. Slavery abolished in Puerto Rico. 1886. 1887. Slavery abolished in Cuba. Slavery abolished in Brazil, the last stronghold of slavery throughout the world. List of Chapter Tables Black population, by state and slave-free status: 1790-1860 => 98 series Slave and free population of selected southern cities: 1820-1860 => 30 series Slave population, by state and sex: 1820-1860 => 38 series Slave-holding families, by state: 1790-1860=> 29 series Slaveholders, by size of slaveholdings: 1790-1860 => 13 series Slave prices, value of the slave stock, and annual estimates of the slave population: 1800-1862 => 6 series Index of slave values, by age, sex, and region: 1850 => 4 series Manumitted slaves, by state: 1850-1860 => 17 series Fugitive slaves, by state: 1850-1860 => 16 series Major slave revolts and uprisings, by location and type: 1663-1853 => 3 series