Solubility Rules Lab Report

There are many chemicals in our world that are soluble, however, these chemicals have to follow a set of rules to determine how soluble each chemical is and if it is at all. This is what we call solubility laws. These laws show what chemicals are soluble and which ones are insoluble. They also describe what chemicals can be dissolved and what chemicals cannot dissolve. These chemicals are them recorded on Solubility tables which list solubility and how soluble the chemicals are. According to Busch (2015) the Solubility Rules are as follows:
1. Salts containing Group I elements are soluble (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+). Salts containing the ammonium ion (NH4+) are also soluble.
2. Salts containing nitrate ion (NO3-) are generally soluble.
3. Salts
containing Cl -, Br -, I - are generally soluble.
4. Most silver salts are insoluble. AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2) are common soluble salts of silver; virtually anything else is insoluble.
5.
Most sulfate salts are soluble.
6. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Hydroxide salts of Group I elements are soluble. Hydroxide salts of Group II elements (Ca, Sr, and Ba) are slightly soluble. Hydroxide salts of transition metals and Al3+ are insoluble. Thus, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, Co(OH)2 are not soluble.
Additionally, there are also exceptions to these Rules (Busch, 2015), listed as follows:
1. Exceptions to the rule, Salts containing Group I elements are soluble (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) are rare.
2. Important exception to the rule, Salts containing Cl -, Br -, I -, are halide salts of Ag+, Pb2+, and (Hg2)2+. Thus, AgCl, PbBr2, and Hg2Cl2 are all insoluble.
3. Important exception to the sulfate salts rule includes BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4 and SrSO4
.
Temperature change can also affect the solubility of solids, liquids and gases differently.
According to (Bishop, 2015) “substances that are solids at room temperature and pressure tend to become more soluble when the temperature rises. Heating a solution of a solid makes it easier for the particles of solid to move between the solution and the solid phase. The Second Law predicts that they will shift to the more disordered, more highly dispersed, and therefore, more probably solution state”. An example is the solubility of Starch, which becomes soluble in water when heated. The table shows the relationship between solubility and temperature. The reason why some materials are not as soluble is because do not have a polar nature like water. Water has a polar nature and according to (Questions.sci-toys.com, 2015) substances like oils, fats, and waxes have no charged parts to attract water molecules. The water molecules are attracted to one another by their charges, and they leave the non-polar molecules alone. This pulling together of all the water molecules acts to pull them away from uncharged molecules, so oil and water don’t mix. Since water is denser than most oils, fats, and waxes, it falls to the bottom of the container, and the oil is left behind on top, thus not creating reaction with the two
chemicals.

Aim: To find the solubility of different household objects through variation of temperature.
Hypothesis: If the most soluble material Sucrose then it will because of it being polar nature molecule.
If Temperature has an effect on the solubility then it will because it will affect the speed of the reaction as it gives the molecules more energy.
Materials:
• Sodium Chloride
• Copper Sulphate
• Starch
• Sodium Carbonate
• Sucrose(sugar)
• 3 Beakers
• Kettle
• Thermometer
• Stirring Rod
• Spatula
• Ice
• Water
Procedure:
1. Heat up or Cool down water
2. Record the Temperature of the water
3. Poor water in the beaker
4. Measure the weight of each material to the correct weight
5. Pour the material in the beaker
6. Stir the material
7. Time the material unit dissolves
8. 8 Repeat steps three times for each material and temperature
Discussion
There are many trends in the data recorded through these experiments, such as that sugar dissolves the quickest throughout all test and variables. Starch was the slowest or most insoluble material tested throughout.
There were several anomalies during the test such as the sodium carbonate results in Table 2. This table shows the first test took far longer than the other two tests conducted, this result should be considered as abnormality, a fourth test was conducted only to be the same odd result. The results that have been recorded support both hypothesis, the Temperature hypothesis was supported in Table 2 which show that the rate dissolving increased when temperature was higher, the material hypothesis was also supported as the result show that sucrose (sugar) dissolved the fastest throughout the tests.
Conclusion
The results of this experiment show that there is a linkage between the solubility of materials and temperature. As indicated in the results, heat increases the speed of the dissolving while cold decreases the speed of which the material dissolves.