Stages Of Life Span Development
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction…
Page 2
1.1Life Span Development…
1.2Psychological theory…
Page 4
2.1 Life Experiences…
Page 6
2.2 Transition and Loss…
Page 8
3 Individual Behaviours…
Page 9
3.1 Strengths and Weaknesses…
Page 11
References…
Human development and behaviour
INTRODUCTION
Throughout this case study I will be looking at the human behaviour and development. I will be using different theorists and their theories accompanied with a case study involving different people at different stages of life span.
(1.1)LIFESPAN DEVLOPMENT
During your life you are expected to go through a number of stages infancy 0-2 years (Sarah 6 months), childhood 2-12 years (Alex 7 Years), adolescence 13-19 (Leyla years), adulthood19-60 (Sami 20 years, Tahir …show more content…
24 years, Jane 25 years, Peter 32 years and Donna 54 years) and older adult 60+years (Maggie and Jack 80 years). Throughout the developments you will pass a number of mile stone e.g. fine motor skills, showing of emotion, becoming independent, gender aware, puberty, sense of identity, making friends, emotional changes due to life events (marriage, death, divorce and parenthood), gradual deterioration of muscles, hearing and motor skills.
(1.2)PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
Eric Erickson’s theory of life span is Known as the eights stages of development and at each of these stages is a conflict.
These stages are trust vs mistrust (0-2 years), Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (2-3 years), Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years), Identity vs Role Confusion (13-19 years), Intimacy vs Isolation (19-40), Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60) and Ego-Integrity vs Despair (60 years+).
Using Eric Erickson’s theory of life span we are able to explain the development stage that Jane at the age of 25 years is at and see the stage of conflict Erickson believes she must overcome this will be generativity vs stagnation. While using Erickson’s theory we can determine that what he sees as the right circumstances for Jane to develop a positive identity are being denied by this main factor, For example Erickson says at her age with the right circumstances she would be able to develop a positive sense of identity, although with Jane her partner peter is holding her back by saying that when she gets the job in care that she wants he will not look after the children as that is a woman’s job which gives of a negative stereotype and as they cannot afford childcare she cannot pursue the …show more content…
job.
One thing that is coming out of this restriction is a love and willingness for her children to not be in the same situation she is in as her oldest boy Alex (7) is not meeting his expected developmental milestones (which at his age are typically mathematical skills and interest in reading books). She is going out her way with the school to try and get the help he needs to progress by going down the necessary routes e.g. seeing an educational psychologist.
Also when she first got pregnant with Alex she received a Social Worker to help develop her parenting skills which have also obviously helped as well for her youngest daughter Sara as her health visitor describes her as a “happy and healthy baby” who is progressing well.
Eric Berne’s transaction analysis theory has three stages parent, adult and child. Berne believed the main goal for humans was to be in control of their own life. According to Berne, the process of human development involves gaining insights to ourselves and becoming independent.
Using Eric Berne’s transactional analysis theory (which is psychodynamic approach) we are able to see Peter go through all three states of development parent, adult and child. Peter goes through the parent phase when interacting with Sara and Alex. When interacting with them both Peter is more likely to take a parent ego state and show attitudes of a figure of authority. This will include telling Sara and Alex what they should and shouldn’t, giving them restrictions and rules but as they get older reducing the restrictions and rules to suit the stages of their development. Even though Peter is an authority figure he will also show them a gentle side that will be more nurturing, caring and sensitive to all their needs and attachments to him.
Peter has gone through a difficult 12 years as an adult as within that time he has lost his mother a job and is struggling to become re-employed which is giving him financial difficulties and denying him the role he wants to be the provider for his young family. With these problems he has not been able to act appropriately in an adult ego state as he is not able to express his needs and emotions to his partner without reacting in a defensive manner. For example as he wishes to be the main provider for his family when he was told that Jane could have a job opportunity he reacted by trying to deny her the opportunity saying that he will not look after the children as that should be her job, and as they would not be able to afford child care he takes away this option away from her. These problems also deny Peter to live in the here and now as he will be looking back at his old job, resenting the company that went into liquidation and due to having no job may be scared and worried over what his and his family’s future . He will be missing the security and love that he may have had from his mother which could be holding him back from making the same strong relationship resembling it with his stepmother.
When it comes to looking at Peter in the child ego state we can see he is going more to the side of going in to huffs, blaming others, hiding mistakes or even withdrawing when things don’t go his way. This will be due to the amount of negative moments (loss of job, mother, unable to secure job and poverty) in his life outweighing good moments (birth of both children and caring partner).
(2.1)LIFE EXPERIENCES
One life experience that may occur is abuse. Abuse can have an impact in many ways. An adult or child who experience’s problems with emotional abuse through rejection or ridicule may affect their emotion development. The person may then have difficulty forming relationships, feel as if they have no use and will begin to feel very lonely.
All these affects to the adult will have a knock on affect to their child. The effects on the child will most likely be they do not reach full intellectual developmental milestones. A child who is shown neglect may develop health issues due to a lack of nutrition or growing as they should. Their cultural development may be affected if they do not get the chance to mix with other people or get involved with the community. Sexual abuse can lead to a feeling of no self-worth, difficulty developing intimate relationships or friendships. Physical abuse can lead to severe mental illness or disability.
Another life experience that may occur is marriage/divorce. Marriage can create change and even as a change for good it can become stressful for either person involved, or it can do the exact opposite and be everything they wanted. It can cause peoples self-esteem and confidence to grow and due to being so happy and positive it can improve their health. It can also give them the opportunity to do things that they would have never done with their ex-partner.
On the other side of the scale is divorce or separation. This also could be a relief as the strain and restriction of a relationship can be too much and cause people to hate or resent each other. Once the relationship is over it removes any worries or anxiety. The negatives that may be a result of divorce is the feeling of loneliness or a lack of self-confidence. Another negative can be a breakdown of other relationships built up with or through the ex-partner e.g. friendships with the ex-partners family, ex-partners initial friends at the start of the relationship or a division of couple’s friends.
My last life experience is loss. The feeling of Loss can come from a number of different things e.g. loss of job, loss of limb, loss of hearing or sight, loss of freedom but the main type of loss that is talked about is death. Death is dealt with in different ways for different people in different stages of life and emotional development. For example, younger people or people who have limited cognitive or communication abilities can find it difficult to understand and express what has happened and how they are feeling. Where as fully developed adults are more likely to take on the role of a strong figure where they build up all of their pain and anguish that can create forms of depression. There are four main stages of loss which people go through to hopefully get to a stage of recovery (Collin Murray Parks). These stages have different phases in them which are coping mechanisms to get them through the loss e.g. feeling of detachment and numbness and forming a psychological barrier allows the person to resume temporarily with their day to day life. This is known as the stage of numbness.
(2.2)TRANSITION AND LOSS
Using Adam, Hayes & Hopson’s and Collin Murray Parks Theories we are able to show how Jane and Sami go through all the stages of loss and transition while dealing with the death of Jane’s mother and Sami’s wife. Using Collin Murray Parks Theory of Loss we are able to identify what they could be feeling by going through the four stages of loss. The first stage of loss is numbness. This numbness creates a psychological barrier that blocks the pain and loss which allows them to initially deal with the loss and carry on with their day to day life. The second stage is searching and pining, as the numbness wears off this leads to concentration levels dropping in where Jane and Sami are searching through their feelings and how it will change their life. This creates a great pining and a state of grieving for their loved ones.
The third stage is depression. This could create a large amount of anger as they realise that their loved ones are never coming back and that searching is pointless. The anger will be replaced with feelings of apathy and despair. The last stage is recovery. The attachments Jane and Sami have to their loved ones will need to be put behind them to create the same relationship with someone else. As the relationship between parent and child/wife and husband is sometimes seen as unique they may not be able to put all of their attachments and feelings behind them or create the same relationship again but maybe able to create something similar.
Another way of describing how Jane and Sami could be feeling about their loved ones death is using Adam, Hayes and Hopsons Theory of Transition. There are seven stages to their theory. The first stage is immobilisation. During immobilisation they may be in a state of shock that may last for any duration of time and they will go through different feelings like disbelief (saying things like this can’t have happened or this can’t be true) or they may feel quite dazed and need to sit down due to the fact that their life may have changed significantly.
The second stage is minimisation. This could mean that Jane and Sami may go into a form of denial and play the situation down saying thing like everything is going to be alright, it’s okay it or doesn’t matter. The third stage is depression. Depression could be the moment when everything becomes very real to them and everything begins to sink in. This could lead to Jane and Sami being very angry and looking for someone to blame or feel that they may not be able to cope and withdraw themselves from others.
The fourth stage is acceptance of reality/letting go. This stage is when their self-esteem will be at their lowest and that things won’t go back to the way they were before and that they will have to try and move on. The fifth stage is testing. This is where Jane and Sami could be looking for new ways to fill the void in their life that their loved ones left behind. Their self-esteem will begin to rise as they try and develop a new self-image to replace the old ones (someone’s daughter or someone’s husband).
The sixth stage is search for meaning. They will be trying to take a moment and piece together what has actually happened, understand that their life will need to change and that they will be unable to go through all the same day to day routines they once had with their loved ones. They will have developed both a new self-image and be imagining a new ideal-self. The last stage is internalisation. By this stage Jane and Sami may have adapted to the new circumstances and will have developed a higher self-esteem, accepting the new situation and developed a positive self-concept. This full transition will now be a part of their life.
(3)INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOURS
Albert Ellis believes everyone acts on the bases of certain values they hold about themselves and the world, and the goals they strive to achieve. Ellis believes that rational beliefs are the things we do that will help us to achieve our goals and that irrational beliefs are unrealistic goal and expectations we set for ourselves and other.
Using Albert Ellis I am able to understand certain areas of the case study better, mainly Sami and his children. Sami’s children have an irrational disapproval to Sami and Donna’s relationship. The reason I believe that their views on the matter are irrational is due to them not being used to the idea of their Dad being with another woman other than their deceased Mother. They use the fact that Donna was still legally married as an excuse, which creates an unfair demand on Sami and denies him what is seen by Albert Ellis as main goal in a person’s life (being able to build a meaningful relationship).
Also using Erick Erickson’s evaluation of the psychodynamic approach we are able to see one of the main flaws that he points out in his evaluation illustrated by this case study.
In the case study Jack of 80 years has been moved into a care home due to dementia and has been complaining to his wife about the carers, how they leave him alone for large periods of the day and do not take sufficient time to interact or give him warm dinners. This is a key weakness that is identified in Erickson’s evaluation. He explains it as “interactions in a care setting may be brief and superficial and workers may not be able to get to know the service user well enough and work with them in any detail”. This does not mean it is acceptable the way Jack is feeling or being treated, but is seen as a flaw within the care
setting.
(3.1) STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Eric Erickson says that the psychodynamic approach during our childhood experiences influence our adult behaviour and that Ego state can employ techniques called defence mechanisms to keep unpleasant feelings out of our head. Also that our most primitive part of our personality contains basic biological urges and wants.
The main strengths of Erick Erickson’s evaluation of the psychodynamic approach is that it helps care workers understand that past experiences may influence the service users behaviour and may use defence mechanisms to avoid feelings of anxiety. Even though the service users at some point or the other will go through a period where they have low self-esteem and not do what they know is good for them Erickson’s views are that in the right conditions the service user’s self-esteem will rise and have a positive change in their life. The main key aspect for Erickson is that he promotes independence and that with independence comes risk that must be assessed to see if it is an acceptable amount. This could be why Peter does not let Jane get a Job as his self-esteem is low and he has been used to being the provider for his family even though it could be a positive change.
The key weakness of his approach is that it favours people who are able to verbally express their feelings as not all service users are able, also his theory can only work if the service user has insight into and is willing to admit to any problems and deal with them. The approach is also not scientific and cannot be tested. Also many people feel that it is a dated theory and only relevant to white, western men and does not always apply to women or people from another culture.
The main key strengths of Albert Ellis’s Theory of Evaluation of the cognitive/behavioural approach are that you can clearly set goals and targets that are easy to reach and move on from. Due to making the goals and targets easier to reach this allows progress to become much faster and creates a positive environment for the service user, which will allow their self-esteem to grow and results to be seen in a short time. The negatives of this approach is that it doesn’t tackle the cause of their behaviour and once rewards don’t motivate the service user the behaviour may return. Also the service user may become dependent on working and may be using it to suppress their behavioural problems. The work and goals may only be helping with one of the behavioural problems of the service user leaving the rest to continue. The negatives of this approach show reasons of why Jack might be struggling to adjust to the care home as he was so dependent on his original life style outside of the home that the change has caused a negative decline to how he is feeling. The care home should regularly take jack to his home community to see familiar faces like friends and family.
REFRENCES
Human Development and Behaviour NC Higher Booklet…
Class Notes, Human Development and Behaviour…
Introduction…
Page 2
1.1Life Span Development…
1.2Psychological theory…
Page 4
2.1 Life Experiences…
Page 6
2.2 Transition and Loss…
Page 8
3 Individual Behaviours…
Page 9
3.1 Strengths and Weaknesses…
Page 11
References…
Human development and behaviour
INTRODUCTION
Throughout this case study I will be looking at the human behaviour and development. I will be using different theorists and their theories accompanied with a case study involving different people at different stages of life span.
(1.1)LIFESPAN DEVLOPMENT
During your life you are expected to go through a number of stages infancy 0-2 years (Sarah 6 months), childhood 2-12 years (Alex 7 Years), adolescence 13-19 (Leyla years), adulthood19-60 (Sami 20 years, Tahir …show more content…
24 years, Jane 25 years, Peter 32 years and Donna 54 years) and older adult 60+years (Maggie and Jack 80 years). Throughout the developments you will pass a number of mile stone e.g. fine motor skills, showing of emotion, becoming independent, gender aware, puberty, sense of identity, making friends, emotional changes due to life events (marriage, death, divorce and parenthood), gradual deterioration of muscles, hearing and motor skills.
(1.2)PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
Eric Erickson’s theory of life span is Known as the eights stages of development and at each of these stages is a conflict.
These stages are trust vs mistrust (0-2 years), Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (2-3 years), Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years), Identity vs Role Confusion (13-19 years), Intimacy vs Isolation (19-40), Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60) and Ego-Integrity vs Despair (60 years+).
Using Eric Erickson’s theory of life span we are able to explain the development stage that Jane at the age of 25 years is at and see the stage of conflict Erickson believes she must overcome this will be generativity vs stagnation. While using Erickson’s theory we can determine that what he sees as the right circumstances for Jane to develop a positive identity are being denied by this main factor, For example Erickson says at her age with the right circumstances she would be able to develop a positive sense of identity, although with Jane her partner peter is holding her back by saying that when she gets the job in care that she wants he will not look after the children as that is a woman’s job which gives of a negative stereotype and as they cannot afford childcare she cannot pursue the …show more content…
job.
One thing that is coming out of this restriction is a love and willingness for her children to not be in the same situation she is in as her oldest boy Alex (7) is not meeting his expected developmental milestones (which at his age are typically mathematical skills and interest in reading books). She is going out her way with the school to try and get the help he needs to progress by going down the necessary routes e.g. seeing an educational psychologist.
Also when she first got pregnant with Alex she received a Social Worker to help develop her parenting skills which have also obviously helped as well for her youngest daughter Sara as her health visitor describes her as a “happy and healthy baby” who is progressing well.
Eric Berne’s transaction analysis theory has three stages parent, adult and child. Berne believed the main goal for humans was to be in control of their own life. According to Berne, the process of human development involves gaining insights to ourselves and becoming independent.
Using Eric Berne’s transactional analysis theory (which is psychodynamic approach) we are able to see Peter go through all three states of development parent, adult and child. Peter goes through the parent phase when interacting with Sara and Alex. When interacting with them both Peter is more likely to take a parent ego state and show attitudes of a figure of authority. This will include telling Sara and Alex what they should and shouldn’t, giving them restrictions and rules but as they get older reducing the restrictions and rules to suit the stages of their development. Even though Peter is an authority figure he will also show them a gentle side that will be more nurturing, caring and sensitive to all their needs and attachments to him.
Peter has gone through a difficult 12 years as an adult as within that time he has lost his mother a job and is struggling to become re-employed which is giving him financial difficulties and denying him the role he wants to be the provider for his young family. With these problems he has not been able to act appropriately in an adult ego state as he is not able to express his needs and emotions to his partner without reacting in a defensive manner. For example as he wishes to be the main provider for his family when he was told that Jane could have a job opportunity he reacted by trying to deny her the opportunity saying that he will not look after the children as that should be her job, and as they would not be able to afford child care he takes away this option away from her. These problems also deny Peter to live in the here and now as he will be looking back at his old job, resenting the company that went into liquidation and due to having no job may be scared and worried over what his and his family’s future . He will be missing the security and love that he may have had from his mother which could be holding him back from making the same strong relationship resembling it with his stepmother.
When it comes to looking at Peter in the child ego state we can see he is going more to the side of going in to huffs, blaming others, hiding mistakes or even withdrawing when things don’t go his way. This will be due to the amount of negative moments (loss of job, mother, unable to secure job and poverty) in his life outweighing good moments (birth of both children and caring partner).
(2.1)LIFE EXPERIENCES
One life experience that may occur is abuse. Abuse can have an impact in many ways. An adult or child who experience’s problems with emotional abuse through rejection or ridicule may affect their emotion development. The person may then have difficulty forming relationships, feel as if they have no use and will begin to feel very lonely.
All these affects to the adult will have a knock on affect to their child. The effects on the child will most likely be they do not reach full intellectual developmental milestones. A child who is shown neglect may develop health issues due to a lack of nutrition or growing as they should. Their cultural development may be affected if they do not get the chance to mix with other people or get involved with the community. Sexual abuse can lead to a feeling of no self-worth, difficulty developing intimate relationships or friendships. Physical abuse can lead to severe mental illness or disability.
Another life experience that may occur is marriage/divorce. Marriage can create change and even as a change for good it can become stressful for either person involved, or it can do the exact opposite and be everything they wanted. It can cause peoples self-esteem and confidence to grow and due to being so happy and positive it can improve their health. It can also give them the opportunity to do things that they would have never done with their ex-partner.
On the other side of the scale is divorce or separation. This also could be a relief as the strain and restriction of a relationship can be too much and cause people to hate or resent each other. Once the relationship is over it removes any worries or anxiety. The negatives that may be a result of divorce is the feeling of loneliness or a lack of self-confidence. Another negative can be a breakdown of other relationships built up with or through the ex-partner e.g. friendships with the ex-partners family, ex-partners initial friends at the start of the relationship or a division of couple’s friends.
My last life experience is loss. The feeling of Loss can come from a number of different things e.g. loss of job, loss of limb, loss of hearing or sight, loss of freedom but the main type of loss that is talked about is death. Death is dealt with in different ways for different people in different stages of life and emotional development. For example, younger people or people who have limited cognitive or communication abilities can find it difficult to understand and express what has happened and how they are feeling. Where as fully developed adults are more likely to take on the role of a strong figure where they build up all of their pain and anguish that can create forms of depression. There are four main stages of loss which people go through to hopefully get to a stage of recovery (Collin Murray Parks). These stages have different phases in them which are coping mechanisms to get them through the loss e.g. feeling of detachment and numbness and forming a psychological barrier allows the person to resume temporarily with their day to day life. This is known as the stage of numbness.
(2.2)TRANSITION AND LOSS
Using Adam, Hayes & Hopson’s and Collin Murray Parks Theories we are able to show how Jane and Sami go through all the stages of loss and transition while dealing with the death of Jane’s mother and Sami’s wife. Using Collin Murray Parks Theory of Loss we are able to identify what they could be feeling by going through the four stages of loss. The first stage of loss is numbness. This numbness creates a psychological barrier that blocks the pain and loss which allows them to initially deal with the loss and carry on with their day to day life. The second stage is searching and pining, as the numbness wears off this leads to concentration levels dropping in where Jane and Sami are searching through their feelings and how it will change their life. This creates a great pining and a state of grieving for their loved ones.
The third stage is depression. This could create a large amount of anger as they realise that their loved ones are never coming back and that searching is pointless. The anger will be replaced with feelings of apathy and despair. The last stage is recovery. The attachments Jane and Sami have to their loved ones will need to be put behind them to create the same relationship with someone else. As the relationship between parent and child/wife and husband is sometimes seen as unique they may not be able to put all of their attachments and feelings behind them or create the same relationship again but maybe able to create something similar.
Another way of describing how Jane and Sami could be feeling about their loved ones death is using Adam, Hayes and Hopsons Theory of Transition. There are seven stages to their theory. The first stage is immobilisation. During immobilisation they may be in a state of shock that may last for any duration of time and they will go through different feelings like disbelief (saying things like this can’t have happened or this can’t be true) or they may feel quite dazed and need to sit down due to the fact that their life may have changed significantly.
The second stage is minimisation. This could mean that Jane and Sami may go into a form of denial and play the situation down saying thing like everything is going to be alright, it’s okay it or doesn’t matter. The third stage is depression. Depression could be the moment when everything becomes very real to them and everything begins to sink in. This could lead to Jane and Sami being very angry and looking for someone to blame or feel that they may not be able to cope and withdraw themselves from others.
The fourth stage is acceptance of reality/letting go. This stage is when their self-esteem will be at their lowest and that things won’t go back to the way they were before and that they will have to try and move on. The fifth stage is testing. This is where Jane and Sami could be looking for new ways to fill the void in their life that their loved ones left behind. Their self-esteem will begin to rise as they try and develop a new self-image to replace the old ones (someone’s daughter or someone’s husband).
The sixth stage is search for meaning. They will be trying to take a moment and piece together what has actually happened, understand that their life will need to change and that they will be unable to go through all the same day to day routines they once had with their loved ones. They will have developed both a new self-image and be imagining a new ideal-self. The last stage is internalisation. By this stage Jane and Sami may have adapted to the new circumstances and will have developed a higher self-esteem, accepting the new situation and developed a positive self-concept. This full transition will now be a part of their life.
(3)INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOURS
Albert Ellis believes everyone acts on the bases of certain values they hold about themselves and the world, and the goals they strive to achieve. Ellis believes that rational beliefs are the things we do that will help us to achieve our goals and that irrational beliefs are unrealistic goal and expectations we set for ourselves and other.
Using Albert Ellis I am able to understand certain areas of the case study better, mainly Sami and his children. Sami’s children have an irrational disapproval to Sami and Donna’s relationship. The reason I believe that their views on the matter are irrational is due to them not being used to the idea of their Dad being with another woman other than their deceased Mother. They use the fact that Donna was still legally married as an excuse, which creates an unfair demand on Sami and denies him what is seen by Albert Ellis as main goal in a person’s life (being able to build a meaningful relationship).
Also using Erick Erickson’s evaluation of the psychodynamic approach we are able to see one of the main flaws that he points out in his evaluation illustrated by this case study.
In the case study Jack of 80 years has been moved into a care home due to dementia and has been complaining to his wife about the carers, how they leave him alone for large periods of the day and do not take sufficient time to interact or give him warm dinners. This is a key weakness that is identified in Erickson’s evaluation. He explains it as “interactions in a care setting may be brief and superficial and workers may not be able to get to know the service user well enough and work with them in any detail”. This does not mean it is acceptable the way Jack is feeling or being treated, but is seen as a flaw within the care
setting.
(3.1) STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Eric Erickson says that the psychodynamic approach during our childhood experiences influence our adult behaviour and that Ego state can employ techniques called defence mechanisms to keep unpleasant feelings out of our head. Also that our most primitive part of our personality contains basic biological urges and wants.
The main strengths of Erick Erickson’s evaluation of the psychodynamic approach is that it helps care workers understand that past experiences may influence the service users behaviour and may use defence mechanisms to avoid feelings of anxiety. Even though the service users at some point or the other will go through a period where they have low self-esteem and not do what they know is good for them Erickson’s views are that in the right conditions the service user’s self-esteem will rise and have a positive change in their life. The main key aspect for Erickson is that he promotes independence and that with independence comes risk that must be assessed to see if it is an acceptable amount. This could be why Peter does not let Jane get a Job as his self-esteem is low and he has been used to being the provider for his family even though it could be a positive change.
The key weakness of his approach is that it favours people who are able to verbally express their feelings as not all service users are able, also his theory can only work if the service user has insight into and is willing to admit to any problems and deal with them. The approach is also not scientific and cannot be tested. Also many people feel that it is a dated theory and only relevant to white, western men and does not always apply to women or people from another culture.
The main key strengths of Albert Ellis’s Theory of Evaluation of the cognitive/behavioural approach are that you can clearly set goals and targets that are easy to reach and move on from. Due to making the goals and targets easier to reach this allows progress to become much faster and creates a positive environment for the service user, which will allow their self-esteem to grow and results to be seen in a short time. The negatives of this approach is that it doesn’t tackle the cause of their behaviour and once rewards don’t motivate the service user the behaviour may return. Also the service user may become dependent on working and may be using it to suppress their behavioural problems. The work and goals may only be helping with one of the behavioural problems of the service user leaving the rest to continue. The negatives of this approach show reasons of why Jack might be struggling to adjust to the care home as he was so dependent on his original life style outside of the home that the change has caused a negative decline to how he is feeling. The care home should regularly take jack to his home community to see familiar faces like friends and family.
REFRENCES
Human Development and Behaviour NC Higher Booklet…
Class Notes, Human Development and Behaviour…