Study Guide Ch. 15, 16, 17
Exam 2 Study Guide w/ Chapters 15, 16, 17
1) Innate Immunity (p.446): A defenses against pathogens that is present at birth.
Two major lines of defense;
1. Physical : Skin (epidermis + dermis) and mucous membranes
2. Internal: Cell and chemicals that inactivate or kill invaders
Adaptive immunity (p.446): The body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.
2) Five attributes of adaptive immunity (p.471)
1. Specificity: When the immune response acts to one specific molecular shape and not against others.
2. Inducibility: When they activate only in response to a specific pathogen.
3. Clonality: Once induced, they clone.
4. Unresponsiveness to self: They do not attack the body “self”.
5. Memory: They recall a particular pathogen, thus responding faster in later encounters.
3) 1st line of defense (p.446): The skin and mucous membranes provide a “barrier” to microorganisms
2nd line of defense (p.450): Composed of cells (phagocytes), antimicrobial chemicals (peptides, complement, interferons), and processes (inflammation, fever).
3rd line of defense (p.471): Adaptive immunity.
4) Mucous membranes (p.447): Mucous membranes line all body cavities open to environment. (i.e. lumens of the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tract. nonspecific defenders
There are two distinct layers of Mucous membranes:
1. Epithelium: A thin outer covering of the mucous membranes
a. Epithelial cells are “living”
b. “Tightly packed” to prevent entry of pathogens
c. Continual shedding of cells carries away microorganisms
2. Deeper connective tissue layer that supports the epithelium
Skin composed of two major layers: nonspecific defenders
1. Epidermis: Outer multiple layers of “tightly packed” cells
Few pathogens can penetrate these layers. They shed “dead” skin cells which removes microorganisms.
Contain dendritic cells that phagocytize pathogens.
2. Dermis: Deep to the epidermis. Contains hair
1) Innate Immunity (p.446): A defenses against pathogens that is present at birth.
Two major lines of defense;
1. Physical : Skin (epidermis + dermis) and mucous membranes
2. Internal: Cell and chemicals that inactivate or kill invaders
Adaptive immunity (p.446): The body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.
2) Five attributes of adaptive immunity (p.471)
1. Specificity: When the immune response acts to one specific molecular shape and not against others.
2. Inducibility: When they activate only in response to a specific pathogen.
3. Clonality: Once induced, they clone.
4. Unresponsiveness to self: They do not attack the body “self”.
5. Memory: They recall a particular pathogen, thus responding faster in later encounters.
3) 1st line of defense (p.446): The skin and mucous membranes provide a “barrier” to microorganisms
2nd line of defense (p.450): Composed of cells (phagocytes), antimicrobial chemicals (peptides, complement, interferons), and processes (inflammation, fever).
3rd line of defense (p.471): Adaptive immunity.
4) Mucous membranes (p.447): Mucous membranes line all body cavities open to environment. (i.e. lumens of the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tract. nonspecific defenders
There are two distinct layers of Mucous membranes:
1. Epithelium: A thin outer covering of the mucous membranes
a. Epithelial cells are “living”
b. “Tightly packed” to prevent entry of pathogens
c. Continual shedding of cells carries away microorganisms
2. Deeper connective tissue layer that supports the epithelium
Skin composed of two major layers: nonspecific defenders
1. Epidermis: Outer multiple layers of “tightly packed” cells
Few pathogens can penetrate these layers. They shed “dead” skin cells which removes microorganisms.
Contain dendritic cells that phagocytize pathogens.
2. Dermis: Deep to the epidermis. Contains hair