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and PublicOpinion, Institutions, Policy Making
StudyingSubstantive Democracy
Lawrence R. Jacobs, University Minnesota of RobertY. Shapiro, Columbia University
Within the last decade, the amountand qualityof researchon the relationship between public opinion and policy makinghas taken a dramaticstep forward.This research contributes the develto opmentof democratictheoryand to the (re)organization political of science as a profession.Further redevelopmentof opinion-policy search, however,will requireaddressingseveral criticallimitations. of vestigatethe formulation Americanand Britishhealthcare policy. He concludes thatperceived public opinionprompted officials make critito government cal decisions about agenda setting, the relativeinfluence interest of groups, and the specificdesign of new administrative arrangements. The otherapproaches to studying the opinion-policy rely