For Christmas, Paula receives a new bicycle. Paula’s father teaches her to ride it by first having her sit on the bike while he pushes it, and then having Paula pedal while he pushes. Finally, Paula pedals on her own while he runs along side her. What technique in operant conditioning is Paula’s father using to teach her to ride her bike? (6) shaping…
Cerrutti, D.T.,Staddon, J.E.R. Operant Conditioning. Annual Rev. Psychol.2003-This article examines the reversible aspects of behavior.…
| * Originated by E.L. Thorndike and John Watson but typically associated with B.F. Skinner. * General focus was on observable behavior even though internal states such as thinking and feeling can influence behavior as well. * History of an individual provides the most useful data for predicting and controlling behavior. However, behavior is also shaped by natural selection and the evolution of culture. * The Behavioral Analysis Theory has been developed by assistance of observing animals, with priority to rats and pigeons. * Operant Conditioning is a process in which reinforcement (punishment) is given based upon the occurrence of a specific behavior. * There are two types of reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforce is used to increase the likelihood that the given behavior will occur. A negative reinforcer is taking a specific stimulus away activating the possibility that the given behavior will occur. * Reinforcements are applied in two different variants, the first being a continuous process; the other type being intermittent. * There are two types of punishments that have been identified. The first presents a stimulus and the second involves removing a positive stimulus within a situation.Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009).…
Classical conditioning: Showing a child a scary television show, making them afraid and starts to cry. After a while the child will began to cry before you turn on the tv, just the sight of the television will scare the child.…
A teacher asked if he needed help and he said yes, this shows Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development as well as Scaffolding. A teacher then announced that it was time to go and Dhanvi complied easily this showed operant conditioning, he knew that if he followed the directions he would be rewarded inside by being able to play with toys. Once inside Dhanvi joined a group playing with toys that included his friend from outside, he started to build a toy by himself which showed Erikson’s theory and his ability to start his own activities. Both his friend and the teacher offer him pieces for the toy but he seemed hesitant to take them. He eventually puts together the entire toy, shows his teacher, and is then praised. He then started on another toy and begins to become more willing to accept pieces from his friend and teacher, this signed operant conditioning, he was praised for putting together the toy and now feels rewarded and more confident. Once Dhanvi was finished with that toy he got up and dropped the toy onto the ground, many of the other children around him were also doing this so that showed Bandura's Social Learning Theory he observed those around him and decided to imitate their…
The movie Grease is filled with examples of behavioral conditioning. The classic film is a good example of how all teenagers think and act. From the “cool kids” to the “outcasts,” we all fall into various roles and run wild as we play our parts.…
Whereas Nanny was consistent from beginning to end, I have to convey my disapproval with LaBoria's portrayal of John, the dad. LaBoria aptly depicted the fragility and weariness of a new parent, but failed to reach any depth or humor. I think it would have been better if John had been placed with a more deer-in-the-headlights feel. I saw John more villainous in this rendition and wished for more of a victimized appeal.…
Operant conditioning is one part of the learning theory to describe attachments. This states that attachments are formed through positive and negative reinforcements. An example of positive reinforcement is when a baby dries and then receives attention and comfort from the parent. Negative reinforcement happens when the parent ignores the baby crying, and then pays attention to the baby when it stops crying. Through this the reinforcement rewards the baby and helps to make the parent happy. The baby learns to form an attachment with the fact that it is rewarding them.…
* Describe how the principles of operant conditioning could explain why a child has persistent tantrums.…
A. An example of operant conditioning is the “Beyond Scared Straight” program done here in the states “from 78 to present”. (NISSEN, L., 2011)…
Answer: Mr. Byrne is having difficulty with his students because he is trying to get them to stop disruptive behavior by using a punisher. By doing this he is actually diminishing the behavior that he wants which are the students to behave. In order for him to be successful in terms of operant conditioning principles he needs to strengthen their behavior by using a reinforcer. If he were to use a shaping technique which he would use a reinforcer i.e. candy to guide the children’s actions until the desired behavior is achieved. This is referred to as positive reinforcement, where you are increasing a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus thereby strengthning the response. Mr. Bryne can change his approach by using food/candy as a positive reinforcer, using the candy to get the children to settle down they will stay settled rather than him scolding them.…
‘Without the use of conditioning techniques, children in the UK would be out of control.’ Discuss the use of conditioning to control the behaviour of children.…
The three minutes twenty-two-second video was a humorous attempt to discuss operant conditioning positive and negative punishment, and its consequences. reinforcement. The target behavior is the crazy driving behavior of Speed Queen. Speed Queen love driving fast in her Range Rover and the Punisher love to punish. Speed Queen crazy fast driving behavior in the parking lot resulted in positive punishment. Positive Punisher gives Speed Queen a hefty fine (aversive stimulus. Speed Queen is not at all happy about the penalty she received. Speed Queed crazy fast driving resulted in receiving negative punishment, which is the removal of the pleasant stimulus (fast driving) to reduce the occurrence of the targeted behavior. Targeted behavior (crazy…
The scenario of Natasha crying to her mother, Sue, whenever she hears the fire sirens at midday due to being frightened from what had happened to her a few months back. Sue has to calm Natasha down by giving her a candy. There are many components that can help with this scenario, such as, operant conditioning, counter conditioning and flooding. Operant conditioning is “defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior” (Rathus, 2016, p. 129). Every time Natasha cries, Sue would give her a candy to calm her down which became a behavior for Natasha. Counter conditioning, is not shown in the scenario, but it can be used to teach the child a new positive behavior…
Behaviourists use an approach to learning and education where they concentrate on pupils’ behaviour and, more specifically, changes in observable behaviour. This is in contrast to a more cognitive approach which focuses on inner thought processes. Focusing on observable behavioural changes is obviously important in the realm of education since teachers need to be able to see what students are doing and to identify the reasons for students behaving in the ways that they do. It is also helpful for the teacher to be able identify cues or precursors to students’ behaviours as well as to understand how consequences will affect their behaviour. This is the basis of behaviourist applications to education - they are interested in precursors, behaviours and consequences or outcomes. There are two main models of behavioural learning, which are called respondent conditioning and operant conditioning respectively. Lavond (2003) highlighted that the starting point for respondent or classical conditioning is an involuntary response to a stimulus. This is usually an innate behaviour that does not require specific though to demonstrate, and is usually an automatic response such as jumping at the sound of a loud noise. Respondent conditioning in the sense of stimuli and responses was initially investigated by Ivan Pavlov (1927) in his famous work with dogs. Pavlov observed that dog exhibited an unconditioned response (UR) of salivation to an unconditioned stimulus (US) of food. Pavlov measured the levels of the dogs’ salivation by attaching tubes to their mouths and initially found that the dogs eventually started to salivate when Pavlov walked into the room even before he gave them the food. He then conducted further studies with the dogs and found that by pairing a ringing bell (conditioned stimulus / CS) with the presentation of the food, the dogs eventually associated the bell with the food and salivated…