The Rise Of Intellectual Property By Carla Hesse Summary
The Power of 3D Printing
By: Maiyia Thao
English 102-045
Fall 2014
-Imagine a machine that has the power to create any object of your desire.
-This machine is capable of printing almost anything; from the tiniest of objects such as a cell to objects that you can walk into, such as a house.
-With this machine, just the push of a button can give you a 3D printed barbecue grill, a t-shirt, a pair of shoes, jewelry, an acoustic guitar, a bike, iPhone 5 case and card holder, a car, a prosthetic arm, candy, an ear, a jet plain turbo engine, camera lens, a shakuhachi flute; which is a Japanese flute made out of stainless steel, 3D figurines from children’s drawings, a light, a clock, sculptures, coffee cups, a pair of high heels, a scarf, and …show more content…
a bikini for those hot days of swimming at the beach.
-The list of things that this machine allows you to print is infinite and it also gives you the freedom of customization.
-Such a machine may sound like it is being taken from a sci-fi movie, however, this powerful machine actually has been around for over 3 decades.
- In 1983 Charles W. Hull invented such a machine called the 3D printer. His first 3D printed object was a small vessel like cup which was used as an eyewash.
-Hull’s wife was the first person whom he shared his invention with, before the world became exposed to it. (http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/tech/innovation/the-night-i-invented-3d-printing-chuck-hall/)
-A 3D printer works in similar ways as a regular inkjet or laser printer, however, instead of printing out a physical two dimensional representation of a digital object on a sheet of paper, the object is represented in a three dimensional structure. The 3D structure is achieved by 3D printing technology, also known as additive technology. By adding thin layers of material at a time (Croteau, Giardina, Tyree 1) This process is a non-traditional method of manufacturing known as additive manufacturing (Stephens, 1). There are numerous materials that can be printed using 3D printers, but plastic and metal are the most commonly used materials for 3D printing.
-3D printing was used only by big manufacturers to create rapid prototyping.
has been around for a while but due to high cost it has mostly been used by big companies to develop rapid prototypes.
Now imagine the pair of shoes that you really want to have. You are a little hesitant to buy it because it is out of your price range but you still really want it. With a 3D printer, instead of going to the store to purchase the shoes at retail price you can just print it from your desktop 3D printer in the comfort of your own home for free. You create a computer-aided design of the shoe. You print it with your desktop 3D printer and boom it prints out a duplicate of the pair of shoes that you wanted. By 3D printing the shoes you did not only take less time and money, you also took someone else’s idea. You stole a design that was not yours. Intellectual property infringement is a widespread issue shadowing 3D printing.
Intellectual property (IP) has always been around even during the Middle Ages.
Carla Hesse’s article, "The Rise of Intellectual Property” provide a history about intellectual property focusing on the area of 700 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Hesse explains the coming of intellectual property and how IP was viewed in the Middle Ages. She discusses two varying perspectives of IP. The first perspective she explores IP laws from a social utilitarian point of view. She states that creators are given rights over their ideas because in doing so other creators are encouraged to generate more ideas. According to this perspective, we should just give enough protection for just long enough to original ideas to encourage the creation of new ideas. The other perspective Hesse explores is that ownership of an idea is an inherited and natural right that creators should have forever because an idea is the most personal of all possessions and therefore should be linked with its creator forever. Hesse points out there were no such disagreement in the Middle Ages because ideas were generally seen as divine gifts. Also, in the Middle Ages an author generally believed it is his duty to share his ideas as a gift to the community. The concept of an idea as a gift rather than a service might be useful as a framework for establishing IP rights in 3D printing. Also, Hesse’s two varying perspectives on intellectual property can be applied to intellectual property in 3D
printing. Winter, Jessica. "How 3-D Printing Is Transforming Everything from Medicine to
Manufacturing." Editorial. Parade 11 Oct. 2014: n. pag. Parade's Community Table. 11 Oct. 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://communitytable.com/345790/parade/how-3-d-printing-is-transforming-everything-from-medicine-to-manufacturing/>.
This particular article in Parade Magazine talks about how 3D printing is transforming everything from medicine to manufacturing. Jessica Winter, the author of the article, introduces a ten year old girl named Anastasia Rivas who was born with amniotic band syndrome leading her to have congenital abnormalities. Winter describes Anastasia’s left arm as “ending in tiny, partial palm and buttonlike buds of fingers”. Due to this she is unable to use her left arm. In order for Anastasia to be able to have a functioning left arm she would need a prosthetic one. A standard prosthesis could run up to $60,000 and since she is still growing she will outgrow the prosthesis costing her family a lot of expenses for future replacements. Anastasia’s grandmother, Wanda Oliveras, was worried about the cost so she discovered a cheaper alternative called the Robohand. Robohand is a prosthesis that can be cheaply produced and repaired. It is created with a 3D printer. Winter goes into brief detail about how 3D printing works and then continues discussing about how 3D printing cuts cost, allows for customization, and is yet still functional. This source will allow me to include a real life perspective on how 3D printing is impacting lives positively. This example of how a 3D printed arm has helped one family so much will illustrate an advantage of 3D printing. It will also allow me to create an introduction for comparison of traditional methods versus alternative 3D printing methods.
Melnitzer, Julius. "3D Printing Not unlike Napster in Challenging Intellectual Property
Laws." Financial Post. N.p., 31 July 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2014%2F07%2F31%2F3d-printing-not-unlike-napster-in-challenging-intellectual-property-laws%2F>.
This article discusses the similarity and differences of 3D printing and intellectual property compared to the music industry when peer-to-peer file sharing emerge. Julius Melnitzer, author of the article, argues that 3D printing’s impact on intellectual property can be much more complicated. The first 3D printer’s expired patents allowed others to bring additional 3D printing technologies to the market without worrying about infringing 3D printing patents. An easy way to avoid infringement is by just slight customization. Melnitzer also discusses about trademark laws. Copiers could just remove logos or trademarks before printing. He also brings up the issue of the difficulty of monitoring home use of 3D printers, and therefore infringement could go undetected. He ends the article with the topic about how 3D printing is not the first idea to cause a stir in the IP world however will there be enough impact that the law will change because of it. This article allows me to discuss past issues involved with intellectual property and how it was handled. I will be able to explore the similarities and differences on IP rights involving 3D printing and the music industry. I will hope to raise some questions such as, how was IP involved in the music industry and how was it regulated, and what predictions can we come up with for the future of IP rights in 3D printing.
"What Is IP Law?" What Is IP Law? AIPLA, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.aipla.org/about/iplaw/Pages/default.aspx>.
This is the American Intellectual Property Law Association website about intellectual property. It provides useful information and an overview of intellectual property. This website explains what a patent is and the conditions a patent is granted. It also explains reasons to obtain a patent and the steps to take in order to obtain a patent. The next IP law it talks about are trademarks and the advantages of trademarking. Lastly it explains about copyright laws and definitions. This is a very useful website for me because it allows me to get concrete data from a reliable source to help provide background information about intellectual property. Allows me to figure out what people can do and cannot do involving intellectual property. I can apply this knowledge to discuss how 3D printing impacts intellectual property. I am inspired by the way David Foster Wallace describes the process of preparing and cooking lobster. He does this in the paragraph on page 243, the first full paragraph on the right column in his article Consider the Lobster. I will use his method as a template to explain the process of 3D printing.
Before operating the 3D printer machine you must first have an idea of an object that you want to print. With that object in mind you will begin to create the object in a computer aided design software program. A computer aided design program, also known as a CAD program, is the use of computer technology for design. With a CAD program you can view and create your object design three dimensionally and preview how it will look from different perspectives. Once satisfied with your creation export the file as a .STL format. This will save it in a readable file by the 3D printer.
There are many types of desktop 3D printers available and each one will have different operating instructions however the 3D printer I will be explaining step by step of how to use is called the CubeX. This is a typical desktop 3D printer which allows for 3D printing in your home. 3D printer machines typically come with their own computer program software. The CubeX printer comes with the CubeX printer program. In this program you will open up your .STL file and make final adjustments to your object for printing, such as the size, color, height layer, etc. The printer program will render your object design. It slices the object about 2 mm layers horizontally and maps out exactly where the inkjet needs to go. It also outlines where it needs to build webbing. The webbing will help the 3D printer structure your object and will be removed at the end. After rendering, the printer program tells you how long the printing process will take. It provides an image of the final printed object with webbing.
Next, save the file onto a flash drive also known as a thumb drive. Plug your flash drive with the final .STL file into the USB port of the CubeX 3D printer. This particular 3D printer comes with a glue stick. This type of glue is water-soluble meaning when put under hot water for a good amount of time the glue will come off. Apply a layer of this glue onto the print tray. This will allow the object to stick and stay on the print tray as the inkjet moves around to print the object. The inkjet heads move on an x and y axis and the print tray moves up and down. After you have applied a thin layer of glue onto the print tray, press the go or on button. Select the file and press print on the printer screen. The printer warms up and gets to work. The inkjets spits out molten plastic and distributes it to where it needs to go one layer at a time; a millimeter plastic height at a time to be specific. The time it takes for a 3D printer to complete printing depends on the size and complexity of the object, and also the layer height. A finer or shorter layer height will result in higher resolution and will take much longer but will look very much smoother. The 3D printing process can take anywhere from minutes to many many hours to complete. You will know the printer is done printing when it has stopped operating.
Turn off the machine. Take out the print tray. The object will be stuck onto the tray so in order to remove the object you will pour hot water onto the base of the object where the glue was placed. Next step is to remove any webbing on the object to reveal your final object. You can remove the unwanted areas by removing it with your hands or cutting off the unwanted parts with the help of a tool. After removing all the webbing and cutting away all necessary parts your final object will be revealed.
By: Maiyia Thao
English 102-045
Fall 2014
-Imagine a machine that has the power to create any object of your desire.
-This machine is capable of printing almost anything; from the tiniest of objects such as a cell to objects that you can walk into, such as a house.
-With this machine, just the push of a button can give you a 3D printed barbecue grill, a t-shirt, a pair of shoes, jewelry, an acoustic guitar, a bike, iPhone 5 case and card holder, a car, a prosthetic arm, candy, an ear, a jet plain turbo engine, camera lens, a shakuhachi flute; which is a Japanese flute made out of stainless steel, 3D figurines from children’s drawings, a light, a clock, sculptures, coffee cups, a pair of high heels, a scarf, and …show more content…
a bikini for those hot days of swimming at the beach.
-The list of things that this machine allows you to print is infinite and it also gives you the freedom of customization.
-Such a machine may sound like it is being taken from a sci-fi movie, however, this powerful machine actually has been around for over 3 decades.
- In 1983 Charles W. Hull invented such a machine called the 3D printer. His first 3D printed object was a small vessel like cup which was used as an eyewash.
-Hull’s wife was the first person whom he shared his invention with, before the world became exposed to it. (http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/tech/innovation/the-night-i-invented-3d-printing-chuck-hall/)
-A 3D printer works in similar ways as a regular inkjet or laser printer, however, instead of printing out a physical two dimensional representation of a digital object on a sheet of paper, the object is represented in a three dimensional structure. The 3D structure is achieved by 3D printing technology, also known as additive technology. By adding thin layers of material at a time (Croteau, Giardina, Tyree 1) This process is a non-traditional method of manufacturing known as additive manufacturing (Stephens, 1). There are numerous materials that can be printed using 3D printers, but plastic and metal are the most commonly used materials for 3D printing.
-3D printing was used only by big manufacturers to create rapid prototyping.
has been around for a while but due to high cost it has mostly been used by big companies to develop rapid prototypes.
Now imagine the pair of shoes that you really want to have. You are a little hesitant to buy it because it is out of your price range but you still really want it. With a 3D printer, instead of going to the store to purchase the shoes at retail price you can just print it from your desktop 3D printer in the comfort of your own home for free. You create a computer-aided design of the shoe. You print it with your desktop 3D printer and boom it prints out a duplicate of the pair of shoes that you wanted. By 3D printing the shoes you did not only take less time and money, you also took someone else’s idea. You stole a design that was not yours. Intellectual property infringement is a widespread issue shadowing 3D printing.
Intellectual property (IP) has always been around even during the Middle Ages.
Carla Hesse’s article, "The Rise of Intellectual Property” provide a history about intellectual property focusing on the area of 700 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Hesse explains the coming of intellectual property and how IP was viewed in the Middle Ages. She discusses two varying perspectives of IP. The first perspective she explores IP laws from a social utilitarian point of view. She states that creators are given rights over their ideas because in doing so other creators are encouraged to generate more ideas. According to this perspective, we should just give enough protection for just long enough to original ideas to encourage the creation of new ideas. The other perspective Hesse explores is that ownership of an idea is an inherited and natural right that creators should have forever because an idea is the most personal of all possessions and therefore should be linked with its creator forever. Hesse points out there were no such disagreement in the Middle Ages because ideas were generally seen as divine gifts. Also, in the Middle Ages an author generally believed it is his duty to share his ideas as a gift to the community. The concept of an idea as a gift rather than a service might be useful as a framework for establishing IP rights in 3D printing. Also, Hesse’s two varying perspectives on intellectual property can be applied to intellectual property in 3D
printing. Winter, Jessica. "How 3-D Printing Is Transforming Everything from Medicine to
Manufacturing." Editorial. Parade 11 Oct. 2014: n. pag. Parade's Community Table. 11 Oct. 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://communitytable.com/345790/parade/how-3-d-printing-is-transforming-everything-from-medicine-to-manufacturing/>.
This particular article in Parade Magazine talks about how 3D printing is transforming everything from medicine to manufacturing. Jessica Winter, the author of the article, introduces a ten year old girl named Anastasia Rivas who was born with amniotic band syndrome leading her to have congenital abnormalities. Winter describes Anastasia’s left arm as “ending in tiny, partial palm and buttonlike buds of fingers”. Due to this she is unable to use her left arm. In order for Anastasia to be able to have a functioning left arm she would need a prosthetic one. A standard prosthesis could run up to $60,000 and since she is still growing she will outgrow the prosthesis costing her family a lot of expenses for future replacements. Anastasia’s grandmother, Wanda Oliveras, was worried about the cost so she discovered a cheaper alternative called the Robohand. Robohand is a prosthesis that can be cheaply produced and repaired. It is created with a 3D printer. Winter goes into brief detail about how 3D printing works and then continues discussing about how 3D printing cuts cost, allows for customization, and is yet still functional. This source will allow me to include a real life perspective on how 3D printing is impacting lives positively. This example of how a 3D printed arm has helped one family so much will illustrate an advantage of 3D printing. It will also allow me to create an introduction for comparison of traditional methods versus alternative 3D printing methods.
Melnitzer, Julius. "3D Printing Not unlike Napster in Challenging Intellectual Property
Laws." Financial Post. N.p., 31 July 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2014%2F07%2F31%2F3d-printing-not-unlike-napster-in-challenging-intellectual-property-laws%2F>.
This article discusses the similarity and differences of 3D printing and intellectual property compared to the music industry when peer-to-peer file sharing emerge. Julius Melnitzer, author of the article, argues that 3D printing’s impact on intellectual property can be much more complicated. The first 3D printer’s expired patents allowed others to bring additional 3D printing technologies to the market without worrying about infringing 3D printing patents. An easy way to avoid infringement is by just slight customization. Melnitzer also discusses about trademark laws. Copiers could just remove logos or trademarks before printing. He also brings up the issue of the difficulty of monitoring home use of 3D printers, and therefore infringement could go undetected. He ends the article with the topic about how 3D printing is not the first idea to cause a stir in the IP world however will there be enough impact that the law will change because of it. This article allows me to discuss past issues involved with intellectual property and how it was handled. I will be able to explore the similarities and differences on IP rights involving 3D printing and the music industry. I will hope to raise some questions such as, how was IP involved in the music industry and how was it regulated, and what predictions can we come up with for the future of IP rights in 3D printing.
"What Is IP Law?" What Is IP Law? AIPLA, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.aipla.org/about/iplaw/Pages/default.aspx>.
This is the American Intellectual Property Law Association website about intellectual property. It provides useful information and an overview of intellectual property. This website explains what a patent is and the conditions a patent is granted. It also explains reasons to obtain a patent and the steps to take in order to obtain a patent. The next IP law it talks about are trademarks and the advantages of trademarking. Lastly it explains about copyright laws and definitions. This is a very useful website for me because it allows me to get concrete data from a reliable source to help provide background information about intellectual property. Allows me to figure out what people can do and cannot do involving intellectual property. I can apply this knowledge to discuss how 3D printing impacts intellectual property. I am inspired by the way David Foster Wallace describes the process of preparing and cooking lobster. He does this in the paragraph on page 243, the first full paragraph on the right column in his article Consider the Lobster. I will use his method as a template to explain the process of 3D printing.
Before operating the 3D printer machine you must first have an idea of an object that you want to print. With that object in mind you will begin to create the object in a computer aided design software program. A computer aided design program, also known as a CAD program, is the use of computer technology for design. With a CAD program you can view and create your object design three dimensionally and preview how it will look from different perspectives. Once satisfied with your creation export the file as a .STL format. This will save it in a readable file by the 3D printer.
There are many types of desktop 3D printers available and each one will have different operating instructions however the 3D printer I will be explaining step by step of how to use is called the CubeX. This is a typical desktop 3D printer which allows for 3D printing in your home. 3D printer machines typically come with their own computer program software. The CubeX printer comes with the CubeX printer program. In this program you will open up your .STL file and make final adjustments to your object for printing, such as the size, color, height layer, etc. The printer program will render your object design. It slices the object about 2 mm layers horizontally and maps out exactly where the inkjet needs to go. It also outlines where it needs to build webbing. The webbing will help the 3D printer structure your object and will be removed at the end. After rendering, the printer program tells you how long the printing process will take. It provides an image of the final printed object with webbing.
Next, save the file onto a flash drive also known as a thumb drive. Plug your flash drive with the final .STL file into the USB port of the CubeX 3D printer. This particular 3D printer comes with a glue stick. This type of glue is water-soluble meaning when put under hot water for a good amount of time the glue will come off. Apply a layer of this glue onto the print tray. This will allow the object to stick and stay on the print tray as the inkjet moves around to print the object. The inkjet heads move on an x and y axis and the print tray moves up and down. After you have applied a thin layer of glue onto the print tray, press the go or on button. Select the file and press print on the printer screen. The printer warms up and gets to work. The inkjets spits out molten plastic and distributes it to where it needs to go one layer at a time; a millimeter plastic height at a time to be specific. The time it takes for a 3D printer to complete printing depends on the size and complexity of the object, and also the layer height. A finer or shorter layer height will result in higher resolution and will take much longer but will look very much smoother. The 3D printing process can take anywhere from minutes to many many hours to complete. You will know the printer is done printing when it has stopped operating.
Turn off the machine. Take out the print tray. The object will be stuck onto the tray so in order to remove the object you will pour hot water onto the base of the object where the glue was placed. Next step is to remove any webbing on the object to reveal your final object. You can remove the unwanted areas by removing it with your hands or cutting off the unwanted parts with the help of a tool. After removing all the webbing and cutting away all necessary parts your final object will be revealed.