The Role Of Animals In World War One
Research Question
How have animals helped soldiers in World War One?
Source 1
BBC Schools-Animals During World War One http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273 Horses millions of horses used with different roles
WW1 first war where cavalry was not main type of soldier significantly less use of cavalry than previous wars, but they were still used, even until the last battles used mostly in the Battle of Mons, but then “Both sides soon realised men on horses could not win the war in trenches. The muddy ground, barbed wire and machine guns made it very difficult for horses, so they were used for transportation instead.” cars and tanks would often break down so they were not reliable, horses and mules were better because they could get food …show more content…
and equipment to the front lines ambulance horses carried wounded soldiers artillery horses carried weapons, ammunition and other heavy loads horses needed around 20 lb of grain a day, and when the grain was in short supply, Germans sometimes fed them sawdust cake
Other animal power donkeys and mules sometimes used to pull heavy equipment, including artillery
“Elephants were taken from circuses and zoos”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403860
Dogs one of the hardest working and most trusted workers in WW1 most were medium-sized, like Dobermans and German Shepherds they were quick and agile, their dark coats allowed them to remain unseen in the battlefield at night
Sentry Dogs stayed with one soldier or guard and circled around the camp, taught to give a warning sound like growling or barking when they sensed a stranger in the area many sentry dogs were dobermans
Scout Dogs used to find the enemy trained to be very quiet and well-behaved while alongside soldiers patrolling area can detect smells up to 1000 yards away trained not to bark so they would not alert the enemy, but when they knew an enemy was near, they would give a silent signal. like raising their tail
Casualty Dogs trained to find wounded or dying soldiers carried medical equipment so an injured soldier could treat themselves would stay beside a soldier while they died to keep them company http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403861 Messengers many communication systems used in the war broke down easily, so animals were often the most reliable way to transport messages dogs helped get messages across from one base to another they were faster than humans, less of a target for the enemy, and could run through difficult conditions some were used to lay telephone wires over long distances
Pigeons
100,000 carrier pigeons were used as messengers during the war pigeons always flew home when released, so troops made sure the pigeons' nests were in places they needed to send messages. an example is at the Battle of Marne, the pigeons advanced with the French troops as they attacked. Whenever troops needed to get a message back to their base, they tied it to one of the pigeons. It would fly home and deliver the message. pigeons were far more reliable than man-made machinery to get messages from one military base to another, records say they delivered 95% of their messages correctly. pigeons became so valuable the British government issued a poster saying "Killing, wounding or molesting homing pigeons is punishable under the Defence of the Realm regulations by six months imprisonment or £100 fine". a pigeon called Cher Ami (meaning Dear Friend in French), became famous. Used by US forces, Cher Ami managed to get 12 very important messages through one of the battles in 1918. It also saved the lives of nearly 200 soldiers during another battle. Cher Ami received a medal from the American government for her bravery.
Germans also used pigeons, some were even seen with cameras attached to their breasts so they could take photos of enemy troops while flying above them http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403862 Mascots and helpers
“There are many stories of animals who became companions and mascots to soldiers during World War One.”
Winnipeg the bear, or Winnie for short was a black bear who was a mascot for Canadian soldiers they gave him to London Zoo in 1914 writer AA Milne took his son to see Winnie and ended up writing a series of stories about his son and the bear, called Winnie the Pooh glow-worms give off light through bioluminescence used in the trenches by some soldiers because the light they gave off became very useful to men as the trenches could be very dark, soldiers collected them, thousands were kept in jars and used as lanterns glow-worms allowed soldiers to read maps, letters, and intelligence reports in trenches which removed the risk of going above ground to get some light some dogs were called ratters that just ran around in the trenches catching rats some animals served as companions and pets for a soldier or battalion, these included dogs, cats, foxes, donkeys, goats, eagles, bears, rabbits, chickens, and even a baboon http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25405402 Sergeant Stubby dog found in connecticut that got its name from its short tail involved in many battles suffered from some injuries suffered from a gas attack which taught him to alert his owner when there was going to be an attack also got hit by grenade shrapnel he was treated in human hospitals on one occasion he heard a german spy sneak into his camp at night. he grabbed the spy’s leg so he could not escape. other soldiers heard the noise and captured the prison
Source 2
History Learning Site- Animals in World War One http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm Horses heavily used in WW1 during the war, primarily used as a form of transport trench warfare made the use of cavalry impractical and impossible because of machine guns, trench complexes, and barbed wire used for transport because vehicles were a new invention at the time and were prone to problems horses, mules, and donkeys were reliable and compared to cars, needed little upkeep
8 million died on all sides of the war, 2.5 million were treated in veterinary hospitals, 2 million sufficiently cured that were able to return to duty
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dogs_in_world_war_one.htm
Dogs
played a vital part of the war
“It is estimated that by 1918, Germany had employed 30,000 dogs, Britain, France and Belgium over 20,000 and Italy 3000.” most popular type of dogs were medium-sized, intelligent and trainable breeds two were really common because of their superior strength, agility, territorial nature, and trainability, dobermans and german shepherds terriers were also used, their small size allowed them to make excellent ratters had a variety of roles depending on their size, intelligence and …show more content…
training
Sentry Dogs trained to accompany one specific guard trained to give silent warning signal to indicate an unknown presence typically dobermans were used
Scout Dogs trained to be very quiet work with soldiers on foot patrolling terrain ahead of them can detect enemy scent up to 1000 yards away highly efficient in avoiding detection of the squad
Casualty Dogs originally trained in the late 1800s by the Germans, later utilised across Europe trained to find the wounded and dying on battlefields and were equipped with medical supplies to aid those suffering, they would tend to themselves more gravely wounded soldiers would seek the company of a casualty dog to wait with them whilst they died
Messenger Dogs just as reliable as soldiers in the dangerous job of running messages human runners were large targets and weighed down by uniforms a trained dog was faster than a human runner, was less of a target, and could travel over any terrain
Mascot Dogs
“dogs in the trenches were a psychological comfort that took away the horrors that soldiers lived through” it is said that Adolf Hitler kept a dog with him
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pigeons_and_world_war_one.htm
Pigeons extremely reliable way of sending messages over 100,000 were used in the war, 95% success rate of delivering their message used extensively since man-made communication systems were crude and unreliable pigeons were smart to the extent that if their loft moved with the army while they were “on duty,” after delivering the message, they would still be able to find their way back pigeons great strength was its speed, this made shooting one down nearly impossible only way to counter them would be to bring a bird of prey, particularly a falcon, to the front line to bring down a pigeon
Source 3
BBC iWonder- War Horses of WW1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp6bjxs Roles of horses in decreasing order of number employed: supply horses(220,187), supply mules(219,509), riding horses(111,171), gun horses(87,557), and cavalry(75,342)
4 main roles supply horses and mules: move ammunition, supplies, and ambulances riding horses: ridden by soldiers gun horses: pulled heavy artillery pieces cavalry: soldiers that rode into battle on horseback
Feeding
British Army provided nearly 3 million tons of oats and nearly 2.5 million tons of pressed hay average daily ration was 20 lb of fodder, which was 1/5th less than recommended horses could spend five hours a day eating
Maintenance
by the end of 1918, nearly 19,000 men serving in the Remount Department of the British Army were preparing horses to be sent to war each 1000-man infantry battalion had a transport section of 20 men who looked after the horses and mules. it could take 12 hours to clean all the horses and their equipment
Medical Care over 1,300 officers served as veterinary surgeons
27,000 men serving in the Army Veterinary Corps in france alone, the British Army Veterinary Corps received 725,000 horses and successfully treated three quarters of them typical hospital could treat 2,000 at any one time
Source 4
Connecticut Military History- Stubby’s Obituary http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958 Article was printed by the New York Times, 4 April, 1926 most famous mascot in the American Expeditionary Forces, won more medals than any other soldier dog, given the unofficial rank of sergeant took part in four major offensives, wounded and gassed captured a German spy in the middle of the night in Chemin des Dames, saved the whole camp from a gas attack met three presidents, led American Legion parades was part of the 102nd Infantry, 26th Division he was found by Corporal Robert Conroy, and was taken to war
“When he deserted the front lines it was to keep a wounded soldier company in the corner of a dugout or in the deserted section of a trench. If the suffering doughboy fell asleep, Stubby stayed awake to watch.”
Source 5
National Geographic- Remembering the parts animals played in the war http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/ with so many horses being used in France, a circus elephant named Lizzie carried ammunition and machinery around the city
Horses
"They died in battle and shellfire but also from exposure and disease. They were so hungry they ate their rugs and died choking on the buckles. Many drowned in the mud."
Dogs
around 20,000 dogs helped the allies they carried equipment, lay telephone wires, carried messages, and distributed first aid kits
Satan, a black greyhound-collie mix, saved a besieged French garrison in the Battle of Verdun by delivering a message, despite having been shot and severely injured
Stubby, a bull terrier cross saved many lives during that war learned to identify the smell of mustard gas and detect the high-pitched whistle of shells, he warning the unit of danger by barking or nipping at the heels of sleeping soldiers was badly injured by shrapnel, but had an operation and soon was back on the battlefield sometimes Germans used combat dogs as canine suicide bombers, with dynamite strapped to their backs that was detonated by remote control
Pigeons
Cher Ami was part of the U.S.
Signal Corps that served with the 77th Infantry and helped save 194 lives by delivering a message during the Battle Of Verdun
History/Background
animals have been used in warfare for over 2,500 years, from ancient Egyptians, to Chinese, to Persians and Romans in the Punic Wars, commander Hannibal used elephants as troop carriers and battering rams in the Song Dynasty in China, soldiers used monkeys as incendiary devices by setting them on fire and letting them run free in the enemy camps, burning everything
down
OPVL 1
BBC Schools
Animals during the war- Transporters. (2014, October 1). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273
This source comes from BBC Schools, a part of BBC that focuses on teaching a variety of subjects. The purpose of this website is to provide information about the roles different animals played in World War One. A value of the source is that it was published by the BBC, a very popular and reputable news company. This means the website was probably written by historians or researchers, and was thoroughly verified. Also, the information does not have a point of view, it plainly presents the facts without bias. This source also is a secondary source, which means the authors had hindsight on the topic and were able to show what happened after the war. Moreover, the audience is presumably middle and high schoolers, so the information is easy to understand, although this could also be a limitation. The paragraphs are often short and provide details and facts, but do not go in depth. They talk about a lot of different types of animals, but they give general descriptions on the roles. Also, the authors and date of publication are not shown, and also where they got their information (sources). That makes it hard to tell if their information is credible because it could be outdated or have come from an unreliable source.
OPVL 2
Connecticut Military History- Stubby’s Obituary
Stubby's Obituary. (2003, July 16). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Connecticut Military
Department: http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958
This source is a primary source, because it was written shortly after the subject, Sergeant Stubby, died. It was his obituary, written and published by the New York Times in early April of 1926. The purpose of this source was to tell the readers of the New York Times about the life and death of Sergeant Stubby, hence it being put in the obituary section. This source has many values. Firstly, since it was posted in the New York Times, the information in it would have been well researched and well verified before being published. The source also has a lot of details on Stubby the dogs’ life, although there is not a lot on how he has helped soldiers. Another value is that the article was written by an American news company, presumably by an American writer, about an American dog, so the author would have had the most recent information about the dog. And since the article was written after Sergeant Stubby’s death, no hindsight is required, unless to talk about his legacies. One important limitation is that the article is quite biased. It is strongly angled toward portraying Stubby as a hero, thus exaggerating some of the details. Another limitation is that since it is an obituary, it summarizes the whole life of Stubby, and does not go in depth to describe some of his accomplishments.
OPVL 3
History Learning Site
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Horses in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm
This source comes from a website called History Learning Site, that was created and written by Chris Trueman. It provides a lot of information about recent history, such as the world wars. The author states his purpose was to provide an “easily accessible and comprehensive website on World History on the web.” More specifically to the topic on animals in WW1, the purpose is to give comprehensive information about the roles horses, dogs and pigeons had in World War One. One of the many values of this source is that it provides a lot of information on each animal, and it is all objective. Another value is that the author taught History and
British and American Politics in universities at an advanced level, has graduated from three universities in England and has a Bachelors degree in history and a Masters degree in management. This makes the information on the website very credible. This source is also a secondary source, which means he had over 90 years of hindsight on the topic. On the other hand, a limitation is that he does not include any sources in the website, which slightly reduces his credibility. Another limitation is that the website is not funded by a university or part of a publication, so there is no one to verify the articles.
OPVL 4
National Geographic
Worrall, S. (2014, July 28). On the Hundredth Anniversary of the Start of World War I,
Remembering the Part Animals Played. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from National
Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728
-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/
This source comes from National Geographic. It was written by Simon Worrall and published on the National Geographic website on the 28th of July, 2014. The purpose of the article is to commemorate the animals that helped in World War One for the wars 100th anniversary. This source has many values. Firstly, since it has been published by National Geographic, it would have been thoroughly verified and would have to have been well researched. Secondly, the author is a journalist that has worked for numerous well known newspapers and journals worldwide. This source is also objective. Another value is that the author provides many examples of animals that have helped in the war. This however, is also a limitation because the author talks about so many animals, that he provides a very brief description of each. The author for this article also does not show where he got his sources, which lowers some of the credibility.
References
Animals during the war- Transporters. (2014, October 1). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273
Animals during the war- Workers. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403860
Animals during the war- Messengers. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02,
2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403861
Animals during the war- Helpers and Mascots. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403862
Browne, A. The Dogs of War: The Vital Roles of Animals in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Made From History: http://madefromhistory.com/world-war-one/animals-war/
Information about animals in war. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from The Animals in War Memorial: http://www.animalsinwar.org.uk/index.cfm?asset_id=1375
Measuring Worth - Purchase Power of the Pound. Retrieved November 02, 2014, from http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use[]=CPI&year_early=1914£71=100&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=100&year_source=1914&year_result=2014
Sergeant Stubby. (2014, January 14). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25405402
Stubby's Obituary. (2003, July 16). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Connecticut Military Department: http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958
Talarico, J. 15 Animals that Went to War. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Imperial War Museums: http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/15-animals-that-went-to-war
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Horses in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Pigeons and World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pigeons_and_world_war_one.htm
Trueman, C. (2013, January 1). Dogs in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dogs_in_world_war_one.htm
Who were the real war horses of WW1? Retrieved November 2, 2014 from BBC iWonder: http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp6bjxs
Worrall, S. (2014, July 28). On the Hundredth Anniversary of the Start of World War I, Remembering the Part Animals Played. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from National Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/
APA formatting by noodletools.com and citationmachine.com
How have animals helped soldiers in World War One?
Source 1
BBC Schools-Animals During World War One http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273 Horses millions of horses used with different roles
WW1 first war where cavalry was not main type of soldier significantly less use of cavalry than previous wars, but they were still used, even until the last battles used mostly in the Battle of Mons, but then “Both sides soon realised men on horses could not win the war in trenches. The muddy ground, barbed wire and machine guns made it very difficult for horses, so they were used for transportation instead.” cars and tanks would often break down so they were not reliable, horses and mules were better because they could get food …show more content…
and equipment to the front lines ambulance horses carried wounded soldiers artillery horses carried weapons, ammunition and other heavy loads horses needed around 20 lb of grain a day, and when the grain was in short supply, Germans sometimes fed them sawdust cake
Other animal power donkeys and mules sometimes used to pull heavy equipment, including artillery
“Elephants were taken from circuses and zoos”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403860
Dogs one of the hardest working and most trusted workers in WW1 most were medium-sized, like Dobermans and German Shepherds they were quick and agile, their dark coats allowed them to remain unseen in the battlefield at night
Sentry Dogs stayed with one soldier or guard and circled around the camp, taught to give a warning sound like growling or barking when they sensed a stranger in the area many sentry dogs were dobermans
Scout Dogs used to find the enemy trained to be very quiet and well-behaved while alongside soldiers patrolling area can detect smells up to 1000 yards away trained not to bark so they would not alert the enemy, but when they knew an enemy was near, they would give a silent signal. like raising their tail
Casualty Dogs trained to find wounded or dying soldiers carried medical equipment so an injured soldier could treat themselves would stay beside a soldier while they died to keep them company http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403861 Messengers many communication systems used in the war broke down easily, so animals were often the most reliable way to transport messages dogs helped get messages across from one base to another they were faster than humans, less of a target for the enemy, and could run through difficult conditions some were used to lay telephone wires over long distances
Pigeons
100,000 carrier pigeons were used as messengers during the war pigeons always flew home when released, so troops made sure the pigeons' nests were in places they needed to send messages. an example is at the Battle of Marne, the pigeons advanced with the French troops as they attacked. Whenever troops needed to get a message back to their base, they tied it to one of the pigeons. It would fly home and deliver the message. pigeons were far more reliable than man-made machinery to get messages from one military base to another, records say they delivered 95% of their messages correctly. pigeons became so valuable the British government issued a poster saying "Killing, wounding or molesting homing pigeons is punishable under the Defence of the Realm regulations by six months imprisonment or £100 fine". a pigeon called Cher Ami (meaning Dear Friend in French), became famous. Used by US forces, Cher Ami managed to get 12 very important messages through one of the battles in 1918. It also saved the lives of nearly 200 soldiers during another battle. Cher Ami received a medal from the American government for her bravery.
Germans also used pigeons, some were even seen with cameras attached to their breasts so they could take photos of enemy troops while flying above them http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403862 Mascots and helpers
“There are many stories of animals who became companions and mascots to soldiers during World War One.”
Winnipeg the bear, or Winnie for short was a black bear who was a mascot for Canadian soldiers they gave him to London Zoo in 1914 writer AA Milne took his son to see Winnie and ended up writing a series of stories about his son and the bear, called Winnie the Pooh glow-worms give off light through bioluminescence used in the trenches by some soldiers because the light they gave off became very useful to men as the trenches could be very dark, soldiers collected them, thousands were kept in jars and used as lanterns glow-worms allowed soldiers to read maps, letters, and intelligence reports in trenches which removed the risk of going above ground to get some light some dogs were called ratters that just ran around in the trenches catching rats some animals served as companions and pets for a soldier or battalion, these included dogs, cats, foxes, donkeys, goats, eagles, bears, rabbits, chickens, and even a baboon http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25405402 Sergeant Stubby dog found in connecticut that got its name from its short tail involved in many battles suffered from some injuries suffered from a gas attack which taught him to alert his owner when there was going to be an attack also got hit by grenade shrapnel he was treated in human hospitals on one occasion he heard a german spy sneak into his camp at night. he grabbed the spy’s leg so he could not escape. other soldiers heard the noise and captured the prison
Source 2
History Learning Site- Animals in World War One http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm Horses heavily used in WW1 during the war, primarily used as a form of transport trench warfare made the use of cavalry impractical and impossible because of machine guns, trench complexes, and barbed wire used for transport because vehicles were a new invention at the time and were prone to problems horses, mules, and donkeys were reliable and compared to cars, needed little upkeep
8 million died on all sides of the war, 2.5 million were treated in veterinary hospitals, 2 million sufficiently cured that were able to return to duty
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dogs_in_world_war_one.htm
Dogs
played a vital part of the war
“It is estimated that by 1918, Germany had employed 30,000 dogs, Britain, France and Belgium over 20,000 and Italy 3000.” most popular type of dogs were medium-sized, intelligent and trainable breeds two were really common because of their superior strength, agility, territorial nature, and trainability, dobermans and german shepherds terriers were also used, their small size allowed them to make excellent ratters had a variety of roles depending on their size, intelligence and …show more content…
training
Sentry Dogs trained to accompany one specific guard trained to give silent warning signal to indicate an unknown presence typically dobermans were used
Scout Dogs trained to be very quiet work with soldiers on foot patrolling terrain ahead of them can detect enemy scent up to 1000 yards away highly efficient in avoiding detection of the squad
Casualty Dogs originally trained in the late 1800s by the Germans, later utilised across Europe trained to find the wounded and dying on battlefields and were equipped with medical supplies to aid those suffering, they would tend to themselves more gravely wounded soldiers would seek the company of a casualty dog to wait with them whilst they died
Messenger Dogs just as reliable as soldiers in the dangerous job of running messages human runners were large targets and weighed down by uniforms a trained dog was faster than a human runner, was less of a target, and could travel over any terrain
Mascot Dogs
“dogs in the trenches were a psychological comfort that took away the horrors that soldiers lived through” it is said that Adolf Hitler kept a dog with him
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pigeons_and_world_war_one.htm
Pigeons extremely reliable way of sending messages over 100,000 were used in the war, 95% success rate of delivering their message used extensively since man-made communication systems were crude and unreliable pigeons were smart to the extent that if their loft moved with the army while they were “on duty,” after delivering the message, they would still be able to find their way back pigeons great strength was its speed, this made shooting one down nearly impossible only way to counter them would be to bring a bird of prey, particularly a falcon, to the front line to bring down a pigeon
Source 3
BBC iWonder- War Horses of WW1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp6bjxs Roles of horses in decreasing order of number employed: supply horses(220,187), supply mules(219,509), riding horses(111,171), gun horses(87,557), and cavalry(75,342)
4 main roles supply horses and mules: move ammunition, supplies, and ambulances riding horses: ridden by soldiers gun horses: pulled heavy artillery pieces cavalry: soldiers that rode into battle on horseback
Feeding
British Army provided nearly 3 million tons of oats and nearly 2.5 million tons of pressed hay average daily ration was 20 lb of fodder, which was 1/5th less than recommended horses could spend five hours a day eating
Maintenance
by the end of 1918, nearly 19,000 men serving in the Remount Department of the British Army were preparing horses to be sent to war each 1000-man infantry battalion had a transport section of 20 men who looked after the horses and mules. it could take 12 hours to clean all the horses and their equipment
Medical Care over 1,300 officers served as veterinary surgeons
27,000 men serving in the Army Veterinary Corps in france alone, the British Army Veterinary Corps received 725,000 horses and successfully treated three quarters of them typical hospital could treat 2,000 at any one time
Source 4
Connecticut Military History- Stubby’s Obituary http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958 Article was printed by the New York Times, 4 April, 1926 most famous mascot in the American Expeditionary Forces, won more medals than any other soldier dog, given the unofficial rank of sergeant took part in four major offensives, wounded and gassed captured a German spy in the middle of the night in Chemin des Dames, saved the whole camp from a gas attack met three presidents, led American Legion parades was part of the 102nd Infantry, 26th Division he was found by Corporal Robert Conroy, and was taken to war
“When he deserted the front lines it was to keep a wounded soldier company in the corner of a dugout or in the deserted section of a trench. If the suffering doughboy fell asleep, Stubby stayed awake to watch.”
Source 5
National Geographic- Remembering the parts animals played in the war http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/ with so many horses being used in France, a circus elephant named Lizzie carried ammunition and machinery around the city
Horses
"They died in battle and shellfire but also from exposure and disease. They were so hungry they ate their rugs and died choking on the buckles. Many drowned in the mud."
Dogs
around 20,000 dogs helped the allies they carried equipment, lay telephone wires, carried messages, and distributed first aid kits
Satan, a black greyhound-collie mix, saved a besieged French garrison in the Battle of Verdun by delivering a message, despite having been shot and severely injured
Stubby, a bull terrier cross saved many lives during that war learned to identify the smell of mustard gas and detect the high-pitched whistle of shells, he warning the unit of danger by barking or nipping at the heels of sleeping soldiers was badly injured by shrapnel, but had an operation and soon was back on the battlefield sometimes Germans used combat dogs as canine suicide bombers, with dynamite strapped to their backs that was detonated by remote control
Pigeons
Cher Ami was part of the U.S.
Signal Corps that served with the 77th Infantry and helped save 194 lives by delivering a message during the Battle Of Verdun
History/Background
animals have been used in warfare for over 2,500 years, from ancient Egyptians, to Chinese, to Persians and Romans in the Punic Wars, commander Hannibal used elephants as troop carriers and battering rams in the Song Dynasty in China, soldiers used monkeys as incendiary devices by setting them on fire and letting them run free in the enemy camps, burning everything
down
OPVL 1
BBC Schools
Animals during the war- Transporters. (2014, October 1). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273
This source comes from BBC Schools, a part of BBC that focuses on teaching a variety of subjects. The purpose of this website is to provide information about the roles different animals played in World War One. A value of the source is that it was published by the BBC, a very popular and reputable news company. This means the website was probably written by historians or researchers, and was thoroughly verified. Also, the information does not have a point of view, it plainly presents the facts without bias. This source also is a secondary source, which means the authors had hindsight on the topic and were able to show what happened after the war. Moreover, the audience is presumably middle and high schoolers, so the information is easy to understand, although this could also be a limitation. The paragraphs are often short and provide details and facts, but do not go in depth. They talk about a lot of different types of animals, but they give general descriptions on the roles. Also, the authors and date of publication are not shown, and also where they got their information (sources). That makes it hard to tell if their information is credible because it could be outdated or have come from an unreliable source.
OPVL 2
Connecticut Military History- Stubby’s Obituary
Stubby's Obituary. (2003, July 16). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Connecticut Military
Department: http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958
This source is a primary source, because it was written shortly after the subject, Sergeant Stubby, died. It was his obituary, written and published by the New York Times in early April of 1926. The purpose of this source was to tell the readers of the New York Times about the life and death of Sergeant Stubby, hence it being put in the obituary section. This source has many values. Firstly, since it was posted in the New York Times, the information in it would have been well researched and well verified before being published. The source also has a lot of details on Stubby the dogs’ life, although there is not a lot on how he has helped soldiers. Another value is that the article was written by an American news company, presumably by an American writer, about an American dog, so the author would have had the most recent information about the dog. And since the article was written after Sergeant Stubby’s death, no hindsight is required, unless to talk about his legacies. One important limitation is that the article is quite biased. It is strongly angled toward portraying Stubby as a hero, thus exaggerating some of the details. Another limitation is that since it is an obituary, it summarizes the whole life of Stubby, and does not go in depth to describe some of his accomplishments.
OPVL 3
History Learning Site
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Horses in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm
This source comes from a website called History Learning Site, that was created and written by Chris Trueman. It provides a lot of information about recent history, such as the world wars. The author states his purpose was to provide an “easily accessible and comprehensive website on World History on the web.” More specifically to the topic on animals in WW1, the purpose is to give comprehensive information about the roles horses, dogs and pigeons had in World War One. One of the many values of this source is that it provides a lot of information on each animal, and it is all objective. Another value is that the author taught History and
British and American Politics in universities at an advanced level, has graduated from three universities in England and has a Bachelors degree in history and a Masters degree in management. This makes the information on the website very credible. This source is also a secondary source, which means he had over 90 years of hindsight on the topic. On the other hand, a limitation is that he does not include any sources in the website, which slightly reduces his credibility. Another limitation is that the website is not funded by a university or part of a publication, so there is no one to verify the articles.
OPVL 4
National Geographic
Worrall, S. (2014, July 28). On the Hundredth Anniversary of the Start of World War I,
Remembering the Part Animals Played. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from National
Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728
-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/
This source comes from National Geographic. It was written by Simon Worrall and published on the National Geographic website on the 28th of July, 2014. The purpose of the article is to commemorate the animals that helped in World War One for the wars 100th anniversary. This source has many values. Firstly, since it has been published by National Geographic, it would have been thoroughly verified and would have to have been well researched. Secondly, the author is a journalist that has worked for numerous well known newspapers and journals worldwide. This source is also objective. Another value is that the author provides many examples of animals that have helped in the war. This however, is also a limitation because the author talks about so many animals, that he provides a very brief description of each. The author for this article also does not show where he got his sources, which lowers some of the credibility.
References
Animals during the war- Transporters. (2014, October 1). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25401273
Animals during the war- Workers. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from
BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403860
Animals during the war- Messengers. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02,
2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403861
Animals during the war- Helpers and Mascots. (2014, October 01). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25403862
Browne, A. The Dogs of War: The Vital Roles of Animals in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Made From History: http://madefromhistory.com/world-war-one/animals-war/
Information about animals in war. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from The Animals in War Memorial: http://www.animalsinwar.org.uk/index.cfm?asset_id=1375
Measuring Worth - Purchase Power of the Pound. Retrieved November 02, 2014, from http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php?use[]=CPI&year_early=1914£71=100&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=100&year_source=1914&year_result=2014
Sergeant Stubby. (2014, January 14). Retrieved November 02, 2014 from BBC Schools: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25405402
Stubby's Obituary. (2003, July 16). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Connecticut Military Department: http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=1351&q=257958
Talarico, J. 15 Animals that Went to War. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from Imperial War Museums: http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/15-animals-that-went-to-war
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Horses in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/horses_in_world_war_one.htm
Trueman, C. (2005, January 1). Pigeons and World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pigeons_and_world_war_one.htm
Trueman, C. (2013, January 1). Dogs in World War One. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/dogs_in_world_war_one.htm
Who were the real war horses of WW1? Retrieved November 2, 2014 from BBC iWonder: http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp6bjxs
Worrall, S. (2014, July 28). On the Hundredth Anniversary of the Start of World War I, Remembering the Part Animals Played. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from National Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140728-world-war-horse-pigeons-dogs-glowworms-verdun-dickin-medal/
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