Founded in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe as the Town of York, capital of Upper Canada, Toronto has emerged over two centuries to become one of the most important cities in the world. This course has been designed to provide students with an understanding of the geographical evolution of the city of Toronto and its surrounding region. The course examines a number of important aspects of the Toronto phenomenon from both the inter-urban and intra-urban perspectives. Throughout the course, North American and global perspectives are considered, where appropriate.…
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain of France led an expedition which resulted in the founding of Quebec. The French had good relationships with Natives and the colony was funded by fur trade with the Indians. In 1663, New France was no longer managed by the Company of New France, and became directly under the rule of King Louis XIV. In order to grow the population, women were sent to the colony and men migrated to the colony as indentured servants. By 1700, New France had about 15,000 settlers.…
In 1860, George-Étienne Cartier was one of the most powerful politicians in Lower Canada and a fervent protector of French Canadian nationality. But Cartier would work to bridge the gap between English and French Canada and become one of the leading Fathers of Confederation. Although a product of the establishment, Cartier joined the 1837 uprising against British authority. Cartier was a member of the Patriots - a group of mainly French and Irish Canadians opposed to arbitrary rule by the colonial administration. Cartier had fought in the battle of St. Denis. Cartier was charged with treason for his part in the Rebellion and fled to the United States. There, the rebel had a change of heart and wrote to the colonial governor, swearing his allegiance to the Queen.Cartier ran for office in 1848 at the age of 34 and was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada. It would mark the beginning of a long, illustrious career in politics. Cartier worked tirelessly for his constituents and French Canada; rewriting property laws; creating a modern civil code; setting up primary schools for Catholics and Protestants and modernizing the institutions of his province.…
In contemporary scholarship, the historiography of Quebec has been a study of great vitality, though tremendous controversy. This is particularly evident in the examination of the origins and implications of the Quiet Revolution, a period in Quebec history that is not only arguably marked by a large-scale rejection of past values and rapid modernization, but also by a subsequent paradigm shift in Quebec’s historiography, one that moved from a traditional understanding of Quebec as a distinct entity to a more contemporary perception of Quebec that attempts to “normalize” Quebec’s past by describing its provincial development as being in conjunction with the rest of Western society.…
In “Immigration Issues” by Lucia Engkent, she discusses how Canada is a multi-cultural country built by immigrants because it has low birth rate. From, the seventeenth century immigrations has been controversial issue. Immigrants coming from different countries are motivated to do hard work but immigration system is favourable to educated professionals. Immigrants adopt new lifestyle, Canadian language, laws and their culture in Canada and come here by leaving their family and friends on unfamiliar land. The immigrants do many sacrifices for better future of their children and it put pressure on their children to do work hard and get academic achievements in their field. The second generations get confused to adopt Canadian lifestyle or their…
Immigration has had a strong effect on Canada’s historical development, from countryside in the early part of the 20th century to the building of Canada’s largest cities. Immigration itself has changed greatly during the 19th and 20th centuries and continues to do so. During the first sixty years of the 20th century, the majority of immigrants to Canada came either from Europe or the United States. This has since changed much with entry based on a points system and the introduction of human’s benefit.…
Second, other key impact of globalization is the free movement of labor. In a globalized world, workers can more easily move from one country to another to market their skills to employers and contribute to the economy. As some Canadian entrepreneurs with the purpose of domestic business to grow, those companies have to capitalize on efficiency except looking outside the company as off-shoring, yet sometimes recruit foreign workers. Temporary migration is used strategically for national and regional economic development in Canada. Canada is flexibility to attract highly skilled migrants and to fill low-paid labour market niches in recent years. Attracting and retaining highly skilled workers and wealthy entrepreneurs and provide low-wage labour…
Quebec Immigration Programs are a pathway to access Canadian Permanent Residency (PR) for talented immigrants across the world. The government of Québec under a special agreement with Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) allow eligible candidates to apply for Quebec Immigration and get a Certificat de sélection du Québec (CSQ), which will further permit them to apply for Canada PR Status through CIC.…
The nineteen sixties were also an important time for the people of Quebec due to the creation of the Parti Quebecois. This was an incredibly substantial moment for the society of Quebec and the decolonization movement because it puts even more power into the hands of French speaking Quebecers, and gave them a legitimate political party that allowed for the representation of the Quebec people. This allowed for a more concrete presence of French Canadian opinions within politics that in turn provided a renewed sense of power and nationalism for the people of Quebec who we’re French speaking. A significant moment within the women’s revolution that could be used as a comparative example, between these two movements is the ability of married women…
In the article “Why Multiculturalism Can’t End Racism,” Marlene Nourbese Philip discusses how multiculturalism promotes discrimination opposed to stopping it. Philip explains that there is inequality between different cultures and races in Canada; the Canadian government only recognizes the French and English in the constitution. Examples of genocidal practices against natives, past treatment of Chinese and Indian immigrants, and the preference of white European immigrants are used to explain unfairness amongst cultures in Canada and white supremacy. Philip believes Canadians can one day achieve equality among races but only if a strong, united effort is made.…
Again many French filled with joy in Quebec and couldn’t forget about the first fire lit in them by the first referendum that took place 15 years ago. Once again they held a democratic decision to see what the common good of the province wanted and the Vote were very surprisingly shocking because the people that said yes for Quebec having its own status was 49.4 and the people that said Quebec should be a apart of Canada was 50.6 percent this was very shocking fore many Canadian English they never thought that the votes would be this high for Quebec being its own country so once again the Quebecois failed and filled with sorrow and the rest filled with joy. The Canadian president didn’t want another referendum so he took many steps to make sure the French felt happy in Canada with Quebec the French wanted equality so they made French an official language for Canada and gave them many more rights to the French just so they don’t try to separate Quebec from…
In the 1970s, the Federal Government undertook an official policy on multiculturalism that was based on the understanding that, “…there cannot be one cultural policy for Canadians of British and French origin, another for the original peoples and yet a third for all others. For although there are two official languages, there is no official culture, nor does any ethnic group take precedence over any other.” (Trudeau 1971) If Canada were to establish policies on official cultures, cultures that people must integrate into, the effect would be to increase feeling of alienation in minority communities by creating barriers to entrance. By actively promoting these different cultures, so long as there is a collective will for the…
As a part of Quebec’s youth and up and coming younger generation I have witnessed the conflicts between the French- English divide since I could remember and it is important that the needs of both sides are full filled or at least compensated for, future generations need to focus on other issues and need to resolve the French-English divide in a fashionable matter so that both sides can work together and benefit from each other such as the increase of speaking French in schools and businesses. Cleavages are defined as “a politically significant distinction among identifiable groups in a given population” (L7, S5). Language is an important cleavage in Canadian society (L7, S6), Canada is known to being a diverse country the population consists of many different types of people, cultural backgrounds and value systems each of which should be respected and tolerated by every citizen of this country. The English-French divide has persisted over time as a result of events and decisions by governing bodies that have continued to fuel the divide (L7, S7). There are different solutions to the language issue among French and English speakers but it takes time and although the divide has changed a lot, the past 20 years we aren’t where we want to be just yet and it is up to future generations to solve this problem. Further issues such as the compact vs contract theory will be discussed and also in recent news the dispute over the Charter of values the Pauline Marois government seek to put in effect that has sprung up a dispute other issues that will be discussed are Bill 101 and the disputes over the equalization of payments that has become a major topic for discussion and a large part of the French-English division if future generations were to resolve these topics they would be one…
Strait and Ungava Bay; on the east by Labrador (Which is a part of Newfoundland),…
Canada is a nation built on immigration. While for many years, most immigrants were from European countries, the recent waves of immigration often include immigrants from South Asian, sub-Saharan and middle eastern countries. These recent immigrants do not have the same experience than the French, the Irish or the Italian earlier in the twentieth century. The reason for this is that they have a much different culture. In fact, integration is ‘easier’ in a western country is easier when one is christian and caucasian for instance. However, many recent immigrants are muslims, and are non-caucasian. These immigrants and refugees also often come from traditional societies. As a consequence, they come from societies where norms, values and gender…