The Tempest Final Exam Essay

Final Exam Study Guide
Cosimo d’Medici- ruled Florence during the Renaissance from behind the scenes; very wealthy; political dynasty based on his family; backed architect for the dome on Basilica of St. Mary of the Flower
Vasco da Gama- 1400/1500’s; Portuguese explorer; one of the most successful in the age of exploration and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India; discovered a route to India around the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa
Caliban- main character in Shakespeare’s The Tempest; represents theme of nature; anti-hero; slave, uncivilized, savage; knew world far better than Prospero; yearned for freedom; claimed island; was set free by Prospero at the end
Society of Jesus- 1540; Jesuits;
completely loyal to the Pope and the church who worked to fight against the Protestant Reformation; opened schools to train the elite in Catholic ways; missions to covert non-Christian areas and converted Protestant areas back to Catholicism; came about despite the Reformation; founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Mamluks- lasted from1250-1517; Muslim state governed by military slaves; so powerful that they not only defeated the Crusaders, but the Mongols as well; controlled gold trade, very wealthy; fell to a Muslim empire based in Baghdad (Turks); Egypt and Turkey- new kingdom run by white slaves mostly from Greece; military slaves; defeated Louis IX when he attacked Egypt; “Allah’s avengers”
Rabelais- lived in 1500’s; major French writer during the Renaissance; Bawdy Humor, The Carnival; humor and secularism
Printing Press- circa 1450; created by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany; a slow spread but still had a major impact on history; used during the Renaissance and Reformation; used to spread thousands of copies of the Theses around Europe
“The elect”- Reformation; individuals who were "elected" by the Lord to go to heaven and be saved not by secular deeds but by predetermination
Devshirme- during the Golden Age; new kind of tax in Ottoman Empire; only non-Muslim communities had to pay; a certain number of young boys had to be sent to Constantinople to be trained as imperial guard; became the core of the Ottoman army
Hispaniola- 1400’s; island of Santo Domingo; island inhabited by Taino; Columbus made Hispaniola his headquarters and died before he found out that it was not India
Al-Andalus- during the Golden Age; Muslims conquered Spain and transformed into Al-Andalus in 711; Spanish were Berbers/Moors and they created the Umayyad dynasty
Canary Current- during time of Columbus; ran into Barbados; Columbus connected Canary Current and Gulf Stream to connect Europe with the Americas; current in the Atlantic Ocean that made it possible for navigators to cross the ocean
5 percent- only 5% of the slaves in the NAST were sent to North America; all others were sent to sugar islands in the Caribbean
Cordoba- during the Golden Age; Umayyad dynasty was based here; famous cities- Granada, Toledo, Seville; astonishing achievement during the dark ages; planned city; 10 miles of roadways that were lit every night; built one of the grandest mosques in the Muslim world- Alhambra; welcomed people of all religions; cosmopolitan; 1236- defeated by expanding Catholic kingdoms
Martin Luther- during the Reformation; monk who believed the Catholic church was corrupt and wrote the 95 Theses in protest in 1517; saw the donation and indulgence trade as buying and selling industries and the sin of simony; excommunicated in 1521; Wittenburg, Germany
Montezuma- ruled from 1440-1469; most famous emperor of the Aztec world; ruled during peak of empire in mid 15th century; dominated central Mexico all the way to the water; believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl
Humanism- Christian humanism during the Reformation; human freedom and individualism are natural parts of Christian Doctrine and practice; doing things for humans and for one’s self; Petrarch
Quakers- belief that everyone can experience an inner light given by God; feared God- “quaked” before him; fled to New World to find religious tolerance
Dutch West India Co.- 1600’s; purpose was to eliminate competition between the various trading posts established by the merchants; open trade in North and South America and challenge Spanish trade in America
The Black Death- during the Renaissance- 1348; spread from Asia Minor; biological warfare- launched infested corpses over walls into villages; along Silk Road; fleas, then airborne; 50 to 75% perished; people questioned where God was; plague began in Italy
New Spain- 1535; Spain established in Central and North America; modern day Mexico
Prospero- main character in Shakespeare’s The Tempest; represented theme of civilization; master, duke was is in exile; has a magic book, staff, and power; can control the weather; owned island; tries to civilize Caliban; sets Caliban free in the end
La leyenda negra- during the time of Columbus; The Black Legend; an accusation made mostly by Protestants against Catholic Spanish; Spanish were so cruel and brutal that the colonies should be taken from them
Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494; treaty between Spain and Portugal; set a longitudinal line; anything west of line will belong to Spain; anything east of line will belong to Portugal
Sistine Chapel- painted by Michelangelo during the Renaissance in the 1500’s; chapel in Vatican
Voltaire- 1700’s; French Enlightenment writer famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade, and separation of church and state
Cristoforo Colombo- 1492; age of exploration; Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to Spanish colonization of the New World; sailed to America in search of India; funded by Ferdinand and Isabella
Hernan Cortes- 1500’s CE during Aztec Empire; Spanish conquistadores with Tlaxcalan defeated Aztec Empire; Cortes was leader of Spanish conquistadores; was the father of the first mixed child- Mestizo
Arminianism- during age of exploration; free will; 1600’s; opposes predetermination
Triangular trade- Atlantic triangular slave trade; late 16th to early 19th centuries; carried slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America; started in Africa Caribbean sea where sugar grew Europe where wheat was turned into beer and traded for sugar Africa where beer was traded for
slaves
Calvinism- age of exploration; 1600’s; idea of free will is ultimate heresy; everything is predetermined
Engenho- Portuguese term for a sugar cane mill; present in Brazil and Caribbean countries; focus on sugarcane promoted growth of slavery in Brazil
Deism- the belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of God, accompanied with the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge; 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment
Caravel- age of exploration; a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean; much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries; ideal for sailing into the winds
95 Theses- 1517; written during the Reformation; Martin Luther wrote this against the Dominican Friar that was selling indulgences and posted it on the church in Wittenberg; protesting the Catholic Church’s materialism and other problems
The Tempest- play written by William Shakespeare in 1611; not published until after his death; based on a real shipwreck that occurred in 1610 in Bermuda; themes of revenge, freedom, slavery; Prospero and Caliban; civilization vs. nature; play about the New World; the tempest itself was slavery, a gathering storm
Sufism- 900-1400; Islam movement; drunkenness, dancing, and “oneness with the beloved” are direct experiences to God; Submitting to God means experiencing him directly; radical because it was a protest against how rich everyone had become
Mehmed II- second sultan of Ottoman Empire during the Golden Age; “the conqueror”; ruled in 1400’s; conquered Constantinople; made it the capital of the empire; Ottoman empire became known as “empire of two lands and two seas”
Indulgences- Reformation; full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven; theory that we can get rid of temporal punishment in Purgatory and go straight to heaven; it is possible to pray for souls to get out of Purgatory more quickly; it is not possible to buy an indulgence; it is the sin of simony
Dona Marina- 1500’s CE; Hernan Cortes’s translator; got pregnant with Cortes’s child (first mixed child- Mestizo); during Aztec Empire
Volta do mar- Portuguese phrase that means “turn of the sea”; a navigational technique perfected by Portuguese navigators during the age of exploration in the late 15th century; major step in the history of navigation when an understanding of winds in the age of sail was crucial to success; Christopher Columbus applied the volta do mar by sailing northwards from the Caribbean through the Horse Latitudes to catch the prevailing mid-latitude westerlies to return to America
Quadrant- tool used during age of exploration to determine latitude; how to figure out how far north or south of the equator you are
Sclavus
Decameron- 14th century medieval work by Giovanni Boccaccio told as a frame story encompassing 100 tales by ten young people in Italy during the time of the Black Death; influenced Chaucer
Ignatius of Loyola- 1540; Spanish soldier who became a priest; founded Society of Jesus during Reformation; sought to convert non-Christian areas to Catholicism and reconvert Protestant areas
Palladio- 1500’s; Italian architect during Renaissance; considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture; influenced by Roman and Greek architecture; led a revival of classical architecture
Galileo- 1500/1600’s; Italian astronomer who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution; “father of science”’ improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism; excommunicated from the church for his belief that we revolved around the sun
Ca. 10 million
Copernicus- 1400/1500’s; Renaissance Polish astronomer and the first person to say that the Earth revolved around the sun; heliocentric theory
Red plague- series of deceased brought over to Americas from Europe that killed off most of the Natives by 1600 who were not immune
Reconquista- ended in 1492; Catholic reconquering of Spain from Islamic Moors; marked the beginning of the Conquista of the Americas
Diaspora- 580 BCE; the dispersion of Jews due to the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem; the movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established or ancestral homeland
Letters of marque- 1600’s; makes a pirate into a privateer/ally; what English and Dutch did against the Spanish; little countries on the edge of Europe harassed the Spanish
Diet of worms- 1500’s; an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire in Worms, Germany; most memorable for the Edict of Worms, which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation; formally condemned by HRE Charles V
Barbados- 1663- made into an English sugar plantation; 1816- poor treatment of slaves led to a revolt in which the white man was captured and killed; 1834- slavery was abolished; 95% of slaves ended up here
Salah al-Din- 1100’s during the Crusades; “the unifier”; unified two kingdoms in Baghdad and Cairo; led a successful counterattack against the crusader states; declared a jihad to capture Jerusalem and take back the holy land from the Christians; pardoned all of the Franj; no massacre and said they were free to go; his success led to the third crusade; signed peace treaty with Richard the Lionhearted; death caused civil war in Muslim war
Franj- 1200’s; term used by the Muslims during the Crusades to describe Christian Europeans; known as cannibals to the Muslims
1492- end of Spanish Reconquista; beginning of Christopher Columbus’s quest across Atlantic Ocean
Sir Thomas Moore- Renaissance; 1400/1500’s; writer of Utopia; human reason and Christian values; advisor to Henry VIII in England
Taino- major Indian civilization of the Caribbean; island of Santo Domingo; where Columbus established headquarters; during age of exploration
Bartolome de las Casas- 16th century Spanish historian, social reformer, and Dominican friar; his writings chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies; one of the first settlers in the New World; returned to Spain from New Granada; published book about la leyenda negra in 1540
Leonardo Da Vinci- 1400/1500’s; Italian Renaissance polymath; The Renaissance Man; said we can understand God’s design for the benefit of humanity
Kongo- 1300-1700; greatest civilization in Bantu world; highly organized with districts, provinces, 6 princes and king; 1506- conflict for new king caused civil war- Portugal backed one as long as he became Christian; people enslaved their enemies and caused slave trade; 2 centuries of warfare
William Shakespeare- playwright during the Renaissance; 1500’s; Elizabethan Age; wrote The Tempest about the New World
Machiavelli- 1400/1500’s; Italian historian/politician/diplomat/philosopher/humanist/writer based in Florence during the Renaissance; founder of modern political science; author of The Prince; better to be feared than loved
“Noble savage”- when there were no more Native Americans in the 1600’s; Europeans thought of them as noble savages
Ottoman empire- a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia in 1299; became an empire with the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II; lasted for 600 years; threatened and invaded central Europe
“Jesuits bark”- has natural mineral called quinine that treats malaria; part of Europe and America, new trade
Sonnets to Laura- 1327; poems written by Petrarch to his love Laura in Italian vernacular
Suleyman I- 1500’s; the Golden Age; “the magnificent”; peak of the Ottoman empire; expanded the empire into central Europe; put laws together in Suleyman’s law code; standard of law in Ottoman empire for 400 years
Sir Francis Drake- 1600’s; English privateer who stole sugar (most important crop at the time); was given a letter of marque by Queen Elizabeth so he could attack Spanish ships full of silver, and later full of sugar; “sugar is made with blood”
Arroz con pollo
40 percent- 40% of the slaves in the slave trade were from Kongo and Angola because of the Canary Current
Erasmus- 1400/1500’s; Dutch Renaissance humanist/Catholic priest/social critic/teacher/theologian; wrote The Praise of Folly, Adages, and a Greek New Testament; humor and secularism
Petrarch- Renaissance; Father of Humanism- doing things for humans, not just God; poetry: vernacular, conflict between body and mind, nature; monetary success is okay