The Value of Information Sharing in the Retail Supply Chain
FORECAST PROCESS IMPROVEMENT • LESSONS FROM SUCCESSFUL COMPANIES
THE VALUE OF INFORMATION SHARING IN THE RETAIL SUPPLY CHAIN: TWO CASE STUDIES
Tonya Boone and Ram Ganeshan
PREVIEW Retail supply chains are complex, with each company in the chain having multiple echelons of distribution. Forecasting and requirements planning are further challenged by managers’ reliance on “local” rather than chain-wide retail demand to make key operational decisions. A frequent consequence is the bullwhip effect . Using two case studies, Tonya and Ram show how information sharing – both within the company’s boundaries and with external partners – can mitigate the bullwhip effect and reduce supplychain costs.
the retail level. Each individual company in the supply chain forecasts its demand, plans its stocking levels, and makes its replenishment decisions independent of the other companies. It is typical to see retail distribution centers (DCs) forecasting store shipments, and then ordering from the manufacturer based on these forecasted needs. Meanwhile, the manufacturer stocks its DC based on its own forecasts of retail requirements. Such independent forecasting by members in the supply chain gives rise to what is called the bullwhip effect, which refers to the increased volatility in orders as these propagate through the supply chain. The inherent volatility in orders makes forecasting more difficult, leads to unwarranted increases in inventory throughout the supply chain, and results in inefficient use of working capital and production capacity. Further, products that have volatile demand at the customer level face the added risk of higher stock-outs. The bullwhip effect originally was named by planners at Procter and Gamble (P&G) who coined the term
A
INTRODUCTION: THE “BULLWHIP” EFFECT
retail supply chain is a network of firms, activities, organizations, and technologies. The network procures raw material from vendors, transforms the materials into intermediate
THE VALUE OF INFORMATION SHARING IN THE RETAIL SUPPLY CHAIN: TWO CASE STUDIES
Tonya Boone and Ram Ganeshan
PREVIEW Retail supply chains are complex, with each company in the chain having multiple echelons of distribution. Forecasting and requirements planning are further challenged by managers’ reliance on “local” rather than chain-wide retail demand to make key operational decisions. A frequent consequence is the bullwhip effect . Using two case studies, Tonya and Ram show how information sharing – both within the company’s boundaries and with external partners – can mitigate the bullwhip effect and reduce supplychain costs.
the retail level. Each individual company in the supply chain forecasts its demand, plans its stocking levels, and makes its replenishment decisions independent of the other companies. It is typical to see retail distribution centers (DCs) forecasting store shipments, and then ordering from the manufacturer based on these forecasted needs. Meanwhile, the manufacturer stocks its DC based on its own forecasts of retail requirements. Such independent forecasting by members in the supply chain gives rise to what is called the bullwhip effect, which refers to the increased volatility in orders as these propagate through the supply chain. The inherent volatility in orders makes forecasting more difficult, leads to unwarranted increases in inventory throughout the supply chain, and results in inefficient use of working capital and production capacity. Further, products that have volatile demand at the customer level face the added risk of higher stock-outs. The bullwhip effect originally was named by planners at Procter and Gamble (P&G) who coined the term
A
INTRODUCTION: THE “BULLWHIP” EFFECT
retail supply chain is a network of firms, activities, organizations, and technologies. The network procures raw material from vendors, transforms the materials into intermediate
References: Hammond, J. (1995). Barilla SpA (A)-(D), Harvard Business School case #9-694-046, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA. Lee, H., Padmanabhan, V. & Whang, S. (1997). The bullwhip effect in supply chains, Sloan Management Review, 38, 3, 93-102. Siems, T. F. (2005). Supply chain management: The science of better, faster, cheaper, Southwest Economy, Issue 2, March/April, 6-12. Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Professor Roy L. Pearson, Chancellor Emeritus Professor of Business at the College of William & Mary, for his insightful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Table 1 shows a comparison of the inventory levels pre- and post-CPFR. The total supply-chain inventory when CPFR is used is 2,872,085, an 8.95% decrease in inventory, while maintaining the same level of customer service, and realizing an estimated savings of almost half a million dollars a year for this product. The reduction in inventory is achieved through information visibility: since both the retail and the manufacturing DC are aware of the actual requirements through time, they can hold less in safety or buffer inventory. The remaining safety inventories typically cover uncertainties other than forecast errors – such as weather and transportation delays and other unforeseen contingencies to maintain the appropriate level of customer service. This illustrative simulation has only focused on the inventory savings. CPFR also improves efficiencies in transportation management (by efficient load planning), capacity and production scheduling (by producing only when needed), and long-term flexibility of the supply chain (by responding faster to the customer). IMPLEMENTATION COSTS AND GUIDELINES While we have focused on the benefits of information visibility, it must be said that there are investment costs required to implement new information systems, and these costs are often significant. The retailer in the first case study had to invest in the merchandising system and upgrade its technology to modern 128bit scanners. The implementation took several employee-months. While the benefits of integration far outweighed the costs for this particular retailer, one needs to have proper cost controls. The reorganization CONTACT Tonya Boone and Ram Ganeshan College of William & Mary Ram.Ganeshan@mason.wm.edu Spring 2008 Issue 9 FORESIGHT 17