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Title IX Research Paper

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Title IX Research Paper
In 1972 Congress passed the Educational Amendments. One section of this law, Title IX prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally funded education, including in athletic programs. Since its arrival, in regards to athletics, there have been arguments for and against the many aspects pertaining to this law. Title IX has had a large impact on high school and college athletics in the attempt to give females an equal opportunity, but the means by which they are achieving this goal is an ongoing debate.

The basic Title IX statute provides: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance (DeHass 2002)." Two years later the "Tower Amendment" was proposed. This was introduced by senator Tower and was an amendment that would allow revenue-producing sports to be exempt from being calculated into Title IX Compliance. This amendment was eventually rejected. There was other attempts made at altering Title IX coverage when it came to athletics but they all died before reaching the House or Senate floors. In 1975 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare had drafted the regulations for Title IX, including one section, which dealt with athletics. It requires institutions to "effectively accommodate the interests and abilities of members of both sexes(Cooper 2003)." This required drastic changes. Athletic facilities and support services for men and women now had to be provided on an equal basis. No longer could you focus all your marketing on male sports while ignoring the female sports. The same went for the facilities requiring that all locker rooms and playing fields be equal in quality.

Since the acceptance of Title IX the entire scope of high school and college athletics has changed dramatically. According to the National Federation of State High School Associations,


References: Cooper-Dyke, Cynthia; Leland, Ted. "Open To All" Title IX At Thirty: The Secretary of Education 's Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. (February 28,2003) DeHass, Denise. "1999-2000 NCAA Gender-Equity Report" (April 2002) Epstein, Richard. "Women don 't need Title IX anymore, and men are hurt by it" Fulton County Daily Report. LexisNexis (November 4, 2002) Reynolds, Gerald. Letter to public; "Department of Education Closes Book on Title IX" (July 22, 2003) Reynolds, Gerald. Letter to colleague; "Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance" (July 11, 2003) "Appellate court affirms dismissal of gender discrimination lawsuit filed against Miami University by members of disbanded men 's soccer, tennis and wrestling teams" Entertainment Law Reporter. Recent Cases; Vol. 24, No. 8 LexisNexis (January, 2003) "Challenge to Elimination of Men 's Teams To Comply with Title IX Unsuccessful" Legal Issues in Collegiate Athletics Vol. 3; No. 12 LexisNexis (October 2002) "Commission 's Findings Do Little To Dim Controversial Nature of Title IX" Legal Issues in Collegiate Athletics. Vol. 4; No. 5 LexisNexis (March 2003) United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. "Miami University Wrestling, Soccer, Tennis club v. Miami University" (September 9, 2002) "Wrestling Groups Move for Summary Judgment in Challenge To Title IX Regulations" Legal Issues in Collegiate Athletics. Vol. 3; No. 9 LexisNexis (July 2002)
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