Trial Court: The First Level Of Courts
Being a trial court is the first level of courts. Hence, being a “finder of factors”. The second is the appellate courts, which hears cases after a trial court. Thirdly, an appeal court is basically there to make sure a defendant is receiving a fair trial and that laws have been followed in the conviction of his/her crime. Lastly, is the supreme court and the highest level of courts. The job of the supreme court is it has jurisdiction over federal cases and it disputes between states. Hence, being all concerns of the federal and constitutional laws. The supreme courts make sure that the police are limited on police jurisdictions, or how they get their evidence to convict an offender. In understanding the courts, they are here to serve in
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opposition with the civil liberties of the defendant. In fact, they are here to make sure that the other criminal justice organizations are utilizing procedures and rules, which are regulated within the law. Formerly, there are three models of the judiciary. The Different models, are what draws attention to the civil liberties pledged to every individual by the decree and by the U.S. statue. The models are about candor and justice in the judiciary. The first ten amendments of the civil liberties, which are also known as the rights to freedom of speech, assembly and worship. Thus, these privileges are known as the basic rights for everyone under the law, which is basically a fair trial and impartial hearing.
Therefore, no one can be extricated against, due to their ethnicity, religion, and class. The court cases that come in front of the courts to be assessed and this determines what the sentence will be, which is given to the defendant. The judiciary explains what is applicable to every claim that comes in advance, to which the administration will pose the mandates of ordinance as to what procedures shall be followed.
Structuring a fair civilization
According to the branches, “the judicial branch of the United States government is responsible for interpreting and explaining the constitution through a series of court hearings and rulings and this consists of three levels of courts: The Supreme Court, magistrate courts and municipal courts”.
Whereas, the judiciary systems are there to secure the people’s equality, it’s not always certain that they can. However, individual’s rights have been infringed upon in the judiciary system. These infringements are impartiality in the courts. Hence every individual is innocent until otherwise. The people should follow within in the jurisprudence in each step of the systems of being tried. All judiciary agent’s individuals must pledge before they work as a judicial agent within the courts. However, any person who goes before the judiciary system cannot be discriminated against. The Amendments written into the constitution keeps these laws and keeps any judicial agents from participating in any type of discriminatory way. However, the DA and the representative of the defendant will give all proof before the courts and this helps to keep from bias decisions upon the cases. However, for the judiciary system to function, there must be a crime, which to convict the person and then the courts will decide on their punishment. Hence, the court room actors being a part of this judiciary process. What causes crimes? Hence, researchers have found a link between mental disturbance to wrong doing. They also discovered that there were relationships between psychotic and adult criminal behavior and personality. Also, characteristics such as an ineptness to agree upon the standards and morals, or impulsive behaviors. For instance, there were two studies done. The first study was done on one- hundred and fifty- eight university students, of all
ages.
Structuring a fair civilization
The second study done was of one hundred and fifty -four students. Each group were given the sixteen -personality factor questionnaire and a University student law breaking Scale. The main objectivity for this study was too find the combined variables between the good predictive values of the participants, and of their criminal behaviors. The study examined the relationships between family income and their socioeconomic status. In addition, the study used self- reports, arrest records, and measures of criminal behavior amongst the volunteers in this study. However, they also had examined the variables of the neighborhoods, cultures, economic, opportunities, family conditions and their peer networks of these volunteers to see if there were any mediating variables between any of these measures. Hence, the finding of this measures was, that there was a failed relationship between the low SES and crime. However, studies have shown that there are different crime types. According to Felson and Clarke 1998, “opportunity-based theories argue that each type of crime has a different opportunity structure, and encourage researchers to undertake crime-specific analyses in which different factors are posited to influence measures of different crime types” (p.446). Hence, opportunity -based theorist have argued that crimes have various opportunity structure. An example of an opportunity -based crime would be motor vehicle theft. The motor vehicle theft is committed for temporary and for non- profited-oriented personal needs. An Example, would be for joyriding and would be used for short-term transportation.
Structuring a fair civilization
However, there have been other studies done in relationships to crime. One study in relations to crime is the association of crime and temperature. The question is if annual temperature rises, will it increase the crime rate? According to Anderson, Bushman, and Groom, 1997, they evaluated the correlation between annual temperature and six different types of crime. The six crimes in correlation to this study were: deadly and serious assaults, rapes, robberies, and property crimes. The three researchers had found that the GAAM temperature are one of the input variables that heightens the negative effects, heightens, phsysiological arousal, and prime aggressive thoughts. According to Cohn and Rotten, 2000, “As was noted in the introduction, we found that relationships between temperature and assaults were stronger for outdoor than indoor crimes; moreover, as Baron and Bell’s (1976) model predicts, we also found that out-door assaults were a curvilinear (inverted, U-shaped) function of temperature, whereas assaults that occurred indoors were a linear (and much weaker) function” (p.818). The studies are important because the researchers have debated on the RA theory. Hence, saying, the RA theory cannot explain its correlation between the crime rates and the annual temperatures. However, being that criminal acts occur often, the court systems have regulations and procedures that defines adequate punishment for all types of criminal acts. Subsequently, being there can be problems that arise in the courts when it comes to fairness and human rights of the offender.
Structuring a fair civilization
Therefore, issues related to the court system are the Constitutional rights of juveniles in protecting their Miranda Waiver. Most children give confessions without knowing their knowledge to his rights. The courts were acting out as the parental guardian and a judge could remove a child from his home into a reform school to rehabilitate him. In a case, parents petitioned for their boy to be returned to them and said the courts had denied their son due process of the law and that his Constitutional rights to a fair trial had been violated. The Supreme court ruled in favor for this family and that any juvenile that goes before the court must be subjected a delinquency hearing, and notified of charges being held against them. The delinquent is also obligated to legal counseling and to ensure protection of their fifth amendment of their rights to self- incrimination. Hence, being the reason that the Miranda waiver has been placed for juvenile protection. In conclusion, according text, “judicial duty is the obligation of a judge to decide cases, according to the law of the land, [and] it is not a doctrine of renunciation and restraint [and], like judicial review, the ideal of judicial duty contemplates that the judge may, upon occasion, be required to hold statutes unconstitutional” However, a magistrate will discover specific statutes that can be unethical, and can be modified.
opposition with the civil liberties of the defendant. In fact, they are here to make sure that the other criminal justice organizations are utilizing procedures and rules, which are regulated within the law. Formerly, there are three models of the judiciary. The Different models, are what draws attention to the civil liberties pledged to every individual by the decree and by the U.S. statue. The models are about candor and justice in the judiciary. The first ten amendments of the civil liberties, which are also known as the rights to freedom of speech, assembly and worship. Thus, these privileges are known as the basic rights for everyone under the law, which is basically a fair trial and impartial hearing.
Therefore, no one can be extricated against, due to their ethnicity, religion, and class. The court cases that come in front of the courts to be assessed and this determines what the sentence will be, which is given to the defendant. The judiciary explains what is applicable to every claim that comes in advance, to which the administration will pose the mandates of ordinance as to what procedures shall be followed.
Structuring a fair civilization
According to the branches, “the judicial branch of the United States government is responsible for interpreting and explaining the constitution through a series of court hearings and rulings and this consists of three levels of courts: The Supreme Court, magistrate courts and municipal courts”.
Whereas, the judiciary systems are there to secure the people’s equality, it’s not always certain that they can. However, individual’s rights have been infringed upon in the judiciary system. These infringements are impartiality in the courts. Hence every individual is innocent until otherwise. The people should follow within in the jurisprudence in each step of the systems of being tried. All judiciary agent’s individuals must pledge before they work as a judicial agent within the courts. However, any person who goes before the judiciary system cannot be discriminated against. The Amendments written into the constitution keeps these laws and keeps any judicial agents from participating in any type of discriminatory way. However, the DA and the representative of the defendant will give all proof before the courts and this helps to keep from bias decisions upon the cases. However, for the judiciary system to function, there must be a crime, which to convict the person and then the courts will decide on their punishment. Hence, the court room actors being a part of this judiciary process. What causes crimes? Hence, researchers have found a link between mental disturbance to wrong doing. They also discovered that there were relationships between psychotic and adult criminal behavior and personality. Also, characteristics such as an ineptness to agree upon the standards and morals, or impulsive behaviors. For instance, there were two studies done. The first study was done on one- hundred and fifty- eight university students, of all
ages.
Structuring a fair civilization
The second study done was of one hundred and fifty -four students. Each group were given the sixteen -personality factor questionnaire and a University student law breaking Scale. The main objectivity for this study was too find the combined variables between the good predictive values of the participants, and of their criminal behaviors. The study examined the relationships between family income and their socioeconomic status. In addition, the study used self- reports, arrest records, and measures of criminal behavior amongst the volunteers in this study. However, they also had examined the variables of the neighborhoods, cultures, economic, opportunities, family conditions and their peer networks of these volunteers to see if there were any mediating variables between any of these measures. Hence, the finding of this measures was, that there was a failed relationship between the low SES and crime. However, studies have shown that there are different crime types. According to Felson and Clarke 1998, “opportunity-based theories argue that each type of crime has a different opportunity structure, and encourage researchers to undertake crime-specific analyses in which different factors are posited to influence measures of different crime types” (p.446). Hence, opportunity -based theorist have argued that crimes have various opportunity structure. An example of an opportunity -based crime would be motor vehicle theft. The motor vehicle theft is committed for temporary and for non- profited-oriented personal needs. An Example, would be for joyriding and would be used for short-term transportation.
Structuring a fair civilization
However, there have been other studies done in relationships to crime. One study in relations to crime is the association of crime and temperature. The question is if annual temperature rises, will it increase the crime rate? According to Anderson, Bushman, and Groom, 1997, they evaluated the correlation between annual temperature and six different types of crime. The six crimes in correlation to this study were: deadly and serious assaults, rapes, robberies, and property crimes. The three researchers had found that the GAAM temperature are one of the input variables that heightens the negative effects, heightens, phsysiological arousal, and prime aggressive thoughts. According to Cohn and Rotten, 2000, “As was noted in the introduction, we found that relationships between temperature and assaults were stronger for outdoor than indoor crimes; moreover, as Baron and Bell’s (1976) model predicts, we also found that out-door assaults were a curvilinear (inverted, U-shaped) function of temperature, whereas assaults that occurred indoors were a linear (and much weaker) function” (p.818). The studies are important because the researchers have debated on the RA theory. Hence, saying, the RA theory cannot explain its correlation between the crime rates and the annual temperatures. However, being that criminal acts occur often, the court systems have regulations and procedures that defines adequate punishment for all types of criminal acts. Subsequently, being there can be problems that arise in the courts when it comes to fairness and human rights of the offender.
Structuring a fair civilization
Therefore, issues related to the court system are the Constitutional rights of juveniles in protecting their Miranda Waiver. Most children give confessions without knowing their knowledge to his rights. The courts were acting out as the parental guardian and a judge could remove a child from his home into a reform school to rehabilitate him. In a case, parents petitioned for their boy to be returned to them and said the courts had denied their son due process of the law and that his Constitutional rights to a fair trial had been violated. The Supreme court ruled in favor for this family and that any juvenile that goes before the court must be subjected a delinquency hearing, and notified of charges being held against them. The delinquent is also obligated to legal counseling and to ensure protection of their fifth amendment of their rights to self- incrimination. Hence, being the reason that the Miranda waiver has been placed for juvenile protection. In conclusion, according text, “judicial duty is the obligation of a judge to decide cases, according to the law of the land, [and] it is not a doctrine of renunciation and restraint [and], like judicial review, the ideal of judicial duty contemplates that the judge may, upon occasion, be required to hold statutes unconstitutional” However, a magistrate will discover specific statutes that can be unethical, and can be modified.