Ugo Cerletti's Theory Of Electroconvulsive P

Electroconvulsive Therapy Ugo Cerletti believed that Pentylenetetrazol was much too dangerous since it was uncontrollable and feared by the patients. He also knew that an electrical circuit could cause convulsions. Cerletti gathered a couple of his colleagues, Lucio Bini and L.B. Kalinowski, and convinced them to help him develop what was to become known as Electroconvulsive Therapy.
Cerletti and his colleagues started off by practicing on animals in order to “get it right” and then moved on to humans. The procedure involved strapping the patient down to a bench, putting something in their mouth so they would not bite down too hard, and then applying 10 to 20 electric shocks directly to the head. They had very positive results. Ernest
Walter Freeman, considered to be the father of lobotomy, founded this procedure on the basis of trephination. Walter Freeman was also known as "The Lobotomist". The goal of lobotomy was to get to the frontal lobe in the brain and cut some of the neurological pathways. The frontal lobe was targeted because of its connection with behavior and emotion. The original procedure included drilling into both of the frontal lobes in order to make holes. The person performing the procedure would then use a tool, very similar to a butter knife, stick it in the holes that were previously made and essentially wiggle them around and not so systematically attempt to block the neurological pathways. The procedure worked on occasion which, according to psychologists of the time, was better than nothing so it was put into practice. Unfortunately for the patients, it was a very long and tedious process which made it unfeasible for most of the people who would have needed it. For this reason, Freeman came up with another procedure that had similar effects. This new procedure was called Transorbital
Some of these medications include Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Citalopram, and very rarely Nortriptyline. People who have psychotic mental disorders can be prescribed medications such as Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Clozapine, which is used more recently for the people who will not respond to other medications. Some psychotic mental disorders include Schizophrenia, Paraphrenia, which is a form of schizophrenia that starts in elderly people, and Schizoaffective Disorder, which is a person who has schizophrenia along with a mood disorder, such as depression or