Mathieu Orfila published work on poisons and how they affected animals.
Francis Galton studied fingerprints and developed a methodology for their classification. In a book published in 1892, Galton showed the uniqueness of fingerprints and how they could be used for identification.
Dr. Leone Lattes figured out a way to determine the type of blood from a dried bloodstain and began applying the new test to criminal investigations.
Calvin Goddard found a way of using a comparison microscope to improve this technique to better match bullets
Another development was the comparison of a bullet from a crime scene with one test fired from a gun.
The issue of cross-contamination was also brought to the forefront by Edmond Locard.
Locard's Exchange Principle states that there is an exchange of materials when two objects come into contact with each other.
Testimony is a verbal statement given under oath. Witnesses and other individuals may also give testimony in a trial, but their testimony is limited to their personal knowledge. An expert witness is someone whom the court deems has special knowledge relevant to the case, generally knowledge that an ordinary person would not have.
Pathology is a science that deals with disease. Pathologists make use of autopsies to study the tissues and other parts of the human body for diseases.
An autopsy is a dissection and examination of the body, often to determine why the person died.
Forensic pathology is the extension of this specialty to the criminal justice system.
Studies sudden, unexplained, and violent deaths by using autopsies to determine the cause of death in an individual. Rigor Mortis : when the muscles of the body relax and then become rigid. Occurs within 24 hours of death and goes away after 36 hours.
Liver Mortis also happens soon after death. This condition in the body happens as the blood stops pumping through the body and