World War Two was a time of change. Weird alliances, lands of confusion, more efficient ways to kill, and most importantly, new ways to survive. The United States entry to World War two can be completely attributed to the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor. The United States had declared several neutrality acts throughout the course of Axis aggression in Europe and Asia. America first stated that they “did not recognize” Japan’s aggression when they invaded Manchuria in 1931. Then America “condemned” Japan’s ignition of World War 2 in the Pacific by invading China. Although Japan and the United States were still undergoing political negotiations about the recent Japanese aggression, Japan took a cowardly approach and bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. The United States officially entered the war the next day. Some of the Japanese leaders feared they had made the wrong decision. The Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is famously quoted as saying "I fear all we have done is to …show more content…
awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve”. The entry to World War two was inevitable. The fight on the European front was war. The fight on the Pacific against the Japanese… is a different story. The United States’ view on warfare was vastly changed by the unique fighting styles of the Japanese strategies employed during World War 2 on the Pacific Theatre. Japanese warfare is based off of a lot of things. Their fighting style is almost based on their way of life. The Japanese population had views that were extremely different than some parts of the world. The people of Japan had thought they were “chosen by god”. They also believed they were the purest race, causing thoughts of racial supremacy. The Japanese believed that honor was the most important aspect in anybody’s life. This translated to the battlefield in more ways than one. Honor had the biggest influence on the Japanese. Honor has always been Japan’s most important virtue. To the Japanese, honor was equivalent to life. If you had no honor, you literally had no life. The Japanese would die for honor, setting the stage for many brutalities during World War 2. One translation was that a military member would rather die in combat for their emperor rather than surrender to U.S forces. The entire Japanese army would commit suicide for their Emperor to maintain their honorable life. Hideki Tojo was quoted as saying “Do not live in shame as a prisoner. Die, and leave no ignominious crime behind you”. To be taken prisoner instead of dying an honorable death on the battlefield was to dishonor the emperor and the whole country. This is why American prisoners were treated so poorly by the Japanese. Another big reason was that the Japanese also focused more on masculinity. The Japanese females were not treated equal to the males. This Japanese masculinity was defined by their acceptance of death for their country and inability to surrender. American prisoners were treated poorly because they did not believe the same virtues as the Japanese did. To the Japanese, the Americans did not have the rights to be treated as men. The Japanese didn’t even treat the American prisoners as human. Since the Americans were not even treated as human, the Japanese found them disgusting and a threat to their racial purity. Neither opponent saw the other as human for almost the same reasons. The views on race and gender equality greatly differed between the Japanese and Americans. The Japanese women did not have a big role in their society. The women often had to keep to themselves and hide themselves from the society. They were expected to remain loyal to their husbands introduced through Miai. Miai can be translated to an “arranged marriage”. Japanese woman did not have a choice of who they were going to marry. They were still to remain pure and faithful to their husbands, society, and their country. The women kept out of society’s view which praised and run by men. The way of the Samurai had a large influence on the Japanese fighting styles. The Bushido or the "way of the warrior" was what the military centralized their fighting styles around. It was a “code of conduct” type of thing. In this code of conduct lay many virtues such as loyalty, honesty, respect, honor, bravery, courage, loyalty and wisdom. If one who followed the code of the Bushido failed to maintain their honor, they could regain it once again by performing seppuku. Seppuku the ritual of suicide. The Japanese always carried two swords. One of the swords was for combat. The other was for suicide. The second one can be distinguished because it is smaller than the other one. The Marines of the United States were tough, but they would never commit ritual suicide for their country to regain their honor. The USMC had no knowledge of how extreme the Japanese culture was. They were caught by surprise when they found how ferocious the Japanese fighting force was. The would fight to their death and never give up. On the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto said “The fate of the Empire rests on this enterprise every man must devote himself totally to the task in hand.” Once they got on the battlefield, it was either they would succeed or would succeed in death. To be taken prisoner of war was to dishonor and betray their morales and their emperor. Their emperor and government had a major impact on their everyday lives and how they were made to act. The Empire of Japan is what it was called during World War 2. It was considered a nation state. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, a nation state is “a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government”. This Empire dated back to 1868. The empire focused on militarization and industrialization. This caused them to emerge as a world power in the years prior and during World War 2. Nobody can agree what type of government the Japanese officially had during World War 2.
On the outside it was a democracy. After that, it was a constitutional monarchy because they had a monarch that’s powers were limited by a constitution. On the inside, it was a military junta. A military junta is a government that is run by the military. It was a “democracy” because people theoretically could vote. Although if any of the politicians opposed any war, they would be jailed, assassinated, or beaten to make them vote for what the military wanted. In reality the army made all the decisions. To add to that, the military junta looked like a fascist state. They promoted japanese racial supremacism and they had a secret police who threw away any person who opposed the government's beliefs and actions. Out of all the possible accusations of what government the Japanese had during World War 2, the safest assumption is that The Empire of Japan was a fascist
state. Hideki Tojo was the general and prime minister for most of World War 2. Hideki Tojo was fully responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor since he was the prime minister. Hideki Tojo is credited with a lot of the Japanese aggression in the pacific and in China as General. His political beliefs stood as a nationalist, a militarist, and a fascist. The Japanese people used to call him “The Razor” because he was sharp and able to make quick decisions. Hideki Tojo had an incredibly positive success story through the beginning of the war. His military advancements and good decisions made him a good prime minister and general. Things started to change though when the United States turned the tide at Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway. He started to get pressured by the government and once the United States took over Saipan, he was forced to resign. Once the war was over, the International Military Tribunal arrested Hideki Tojo. He was sentenced to death and hanged on December 23rd, 1948. The Emperor of Japan during World War 2 was Emperor Hirohito. Emperor Hirohito, or Emperor Showa, was looked at as a god by the Japanese people. He was know by Hirohito by everyone outside of Japan, and everyone in Japan knew him as Showa. According to the Japanese traditional order, Hirohito was the 124th emperor of Japan. He started his reign in a good standing, as Japan was already a world power in 1926. The people and soldiers of Japan would do anything for their emperor. The Japanese’s suicidal tendencies are all connected to that of the Emperor’s will. Anything done against the Emperor is to dishonor themselves, again causing them to kill themselves or be killed. Contrary to Hideki Tojo and the other government heads, Emperor Hirohito was not prosecuted for war crimes even though he was the largest influential figure to Japan. Although not officially stated, the main reason why he was not persecuted and executed is because almost all of Japan would just kill themselves. If the Japanese people had to hear that their “God” (Emperor) had been taken to jail to be hanged for war crimes they would all commit suicide. So the International Military Tribunal took a safer approach and kept him “in power”. In power is in quotations because he really didn’t have any power after the war. He was more of a figurehead and the face of Japan until his death in 1989, but at that point Japan had become the second largest economy in the world and completely redesigned their government since World War 2. All these previous topics added together is what you call the Japanese military. They lived their life to honor the Emperor. They believed that men were the supreme gender. They believed they were the supreme and pure race of the world. Their fighting style and beliefs about war were the same as their ancestors deriving from the Bushido Warriors. They would not surrender. They would die for their country. They would perform seppuku (suicide) before being captured and held prisoner. They did everything their government, and the Prime Minister/General told them to. They did everything to honor their Emperor. The Japanese had arguably one of the most extreme fighting styles and tactics in war history. Their ferociousness and disregard for humanity was completely unexpected by the American forces. Their tactics have been questioned and frowned upon since they were implemented. The fight on the pacific was gruesome. But people will never be able to truly comprehend how gruesome it was unless they were there. One of the most infamous tactics used by the Japanese were the Kamikazes. Kamikazes, which translated into “Spirit Wind”, were pilots who literally flew planes to crash them. David Powers, a writer for BBC History said “The other enduring image of total sacrifice is that of the kamikaze pilot, ploughing his plane packed with high explosives into an enemy warship”. They would crash the planes directly into an American ship in an attempt to sink them. The Japanese eventually invented missiles that were specifically designed for these suicidal pilots. By the Japanese, they were called the Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka. By the Americans, they were called “Baka” which translated to “fool” or “idiot”. The Bakas were carried by standard Japanese bombers and launched when near the target. The Bakas had a pilot that would steer the missile directly into the American Navy. The thought was to kill many Americans while only sacrificing one Japanese life. At first, the Japanese men would volunteer so they could honor their country and emperor. Some of them even though they wanted to serve their emperor for honor, had second thoughts. A Kamikaze pilot named Goro Nagamine said “I would say to myself “So are you ready now?” and there was a self that would answer “Yes sir! I'm ready to go”, but there was still another self who never stopped yelling “I don't want to die!”. Towards the end of the war, it was thought that there were no more volunteers so the Japanese army started to force people to do it. This is why some believe the attacks became less effective and pilots weren’t trained as well as others had previously been. The mandatory Kamikaze attacks had been a last resort panic attack in the final stages of World War 2 by Hideki Tojo. These air tactics were similar to those employed by ground forces. “Banzai!” was a common phrase heard in the jungles of the Pacific Islands during World War 2. Banzai attacks were surprise attacks where the Japanese would charge unsuspecting American forces with Bayonets. Bayonets are an attachment to the end of rifles that look like little swords that they used to run and stab people with. There was a lot of hand to hand combat on the islands due to the limited sight from the forests. The Japanese would often hide in Ghillie suits and wait for a passing American battalions to ambush. Another reason for these Banzai attacks was that the Japanese knew that they had lost the battle. Since they would not surrender, they decided to charge with all the men they had left in one final attempt to take as many American soldiers as they could down with them. A first hand American Marine who encountered the Banzai attacks described them like this:“Suddenly there is what sounded like a thousand people screaming all at once, as a hoard of “mad men” broke out of the darkness before us. Screams of “Banzai” fill the air, Japanese officers leading the “devils from hell,” their swords drawn and swishing in circles over their heads. Jap soldiers were following their leaders, firing their weapons at us and screaming “Banzai” as they charged toward us. Our weapons opened up, our mortars and machine guns fired continually. No longer do they fire in bursts of three or five. Belt after belt of ammunition goes through that gun, the gunner swinging the barrel left and right. Even though Jap bodies build up in front of us, they still charged us, running over their comrades’ fallen bodies. The mortar tubes became so hot from the rapid fire as did the machine gun barrels, that they could no longer be used”. While one of the more humane tactics employed by the Japanese, the Banzai attacks didn’t remain effective for long, as Americans soon found ways to stop the Japanese literally dead in their tracks. Finally, the biggest problem with the Japanese military and civilians is their tendency commit suicide for their country, whether its voluntarily or not. The kamikazes have already been analyzed, but that’s just the beginning. The Japanese would send women, sometimes even with babies as traps. The women would “come across” an American battalion and ask for help. What the Americans didn’t know and were able to quickly catch on to was the fact that the women had bombs strapped to their chest. People often question whether or not these women did it voluntarily or whether they were forced to. Either way, it is completely unacceptable and inhumane to all that were affected by it. After a while, the American forces had to resort to shooting all Japanese on sight. They didn’t know what was a trap or who was going to attack them next. Japanese civilians were treated as soldiers. In this case, it was completely necessary for the Americans’ situation.
Previously mentioned was the tendency for the Japanese to kill themselves before being taken prisoner. A lot of people knew that at a certain point in the war, but nobody knew exactly how far they would go. At the island of Saipan, one of the most important battles of the war, there was a high population of Japanese civilians. While there were many civilian casualties probably due to the previously stated circumstances and close combat, there were many self caused casualties as well. When the U.S Marines were almost finished taking over the island, Emperor Hirohito send a message to the civilians of Saipan. He said that any who committed suicide would be granted the same spiritual status as soldiers who died in combat. The result was 1000 Japanese, mostly women and children, civilians seen jumping off of what is now known as ‘Suicide Cliff” and “Banzai Cliff”.
There are an endless amount of horrors that came from the War on the Pacific, but it was an important part of history and a major reason why Japan is as successful as it is today. The American Soldiers were not prepared at all for any of the atrocities that were committed by the Japanese. Their inhumane tactics and complete devotion to their Emperor would prove to be their downfall. The United States after the war wouldn’t be caught off guard again. Now they are prepared for anything and everything that comes their way. Though there has not been much need since the Japanese were and still are the most extreme example of inhumane fighting styles. America’s outlook on warfare will forever be altered because of the extreme tactics the Japanese employed during World War 2.