Anatomy and Physiology Notes Midterm 1
`ANP 1105 B – Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Contents
1. Structural Organization of the Human Body (2 Lectures)
1.3.1 Tissues Tissue: groups of structurally similar cells that have perform common/related function
Tissues cooperate within an organ for function of organ as a whole, different issues = division of labor
1.3.2 4 Types of Tissue:
1. Muscle Tissue: movement
2. Epithelial Tissue: covering
3. Nervous Tissue: control (regulation)
4. Connective Tissue: support
Minimum two present in organ, usually takes 4 to make organs like kidney, heart, etc.
*histology: study of tissues and their cellular organization
Epithelial tissue
Sheet of cells covering a body surface or lines body cavity
1. Covering and lining epithelium: e.g. skin, trachea, lung, urinary lining
2. Glandular Epithelium
Functions of various epithelia
1. protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) – skin,
2. absorption - GI tract,
3. filtration - kidney,
4. excretion - kidney,
5. secretion - glands,
6. sensory reception-taste buds, olfactory membranes
1.3.4 Seven(7) Special Characteristics
1. cellularity: specific cell shapes (e.g. squamous, cuboidal…, dense, little fluid in between cells)
2. specialized contacts: tight, gap junctions and desmosomes
3. Polarity: Apical and Basal surfaces
Apical faces outwards to exterior of cell,
Specializations:
microvilli in intestines to increase SA
Cilia in lungs to propel mucus
Basal surface attaches to underlying tissues (CT)
4. Basal Lamina: noncellular, glycoprotein sheet supporting the epithelium
Functions
Attachment
Filter
Mobility of epithelia
It is a secreted material found right under epithelium
5. Basement Membrane = basal lamina + reticular lamina (reticular CT)
Cancer cells perforate this membrane and move into deeper tissue
6. Innvervated (has nerve fibers) but avascular (no blood vessels)
Nourished from diffusion of substances coming from
Contents
1. Structural Organization of the Human Body (2 Lectures)
1.3.1 Tissues Tissue: groups of structurally similar cells that have perform common/related function
Tissues cooperate within an organ for function of organ as a whole, different issues = division of labor
1.3.2 4 Types of Tissue:
1. Muscle Tissue: movement
2. Epithelial Tissue: covering
3. Nervous Tissue: control (regulation)
4. Connective Tissue: support
Minimum two present in organ, usually takes 4 to make organs like kidney, heart, etc.
*histology: study of tissues and their cellular organization
Epithelial tissue
Sheet of cells covering a body surface or lines body cavity
1. Covering and lining epithelium: e.g. skin, trachea, lung, urinary lining
2. Glandular Epithelium
Functions of various epithelia
1. protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) – skin,
2. absorption - GI tract,
3. filtration - kidney,
4. excretion - kidney,
5. secretion - glands,
6. sensory reception-taste buds, olfactory membranes
1.3.4 Seven(7) Special Characteristics
1. cellularity: specific cell shapes (e.g. squamous, cuboidal…, dense, little fluid in between cells)
2. specialized contacts: tight, gap junctions and desmosomes
3. Polarity: Apical and Basal surfaces
Apical faces outwards to exterior of cell,
Specializations:
microvilli in intestines to increase SA
Cilia in lungs to propel mucus
Basal surface attaches to underlying tissues (CT)
4. Basal Lamina: noncellular, glycoprotein sheet supporting the epithelium
Functions
Attachment
Filter
Mobility of epithelia
It is a secreted material found right under epithelium
5. Basement Membrane = basal lamina + reticular lamina (reticular CT)
Cancer cells perforate this membrane and move into deeper tissue
6. Innvervated (has nerve fibers) but avascular (no blood vessels)
Nourished from diffusion of substances coming from