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L’eau : Un Enjeu Stratégique Majeur Au Proche Orient

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L’eau : Un Enjeu Stratégique Majeur Au Proche Orient
L’eau : Un enjeu stratégique majeur au Proche Orient

Les hommes d'Isaac creusèrent dans le lit sec du wadi et y trouvèrent un puits d'eau vive. Le berger de Gerar se prit de querelle avec le berger d'Isaac en disant : "Cette eau nous appartient". Isaac appela le nouveau puits Eshek (querelle) puisqu'il s'était querellé avec le berger. Puis il creusa un nouveau puits ailleurs et ils ne se querellèrent pas à son sujet. Aussi l'appela-t-il Rehovot (spacieux). Il dit : "Il est sûr que l'Éternel a fait de l'espace pour nous maintenant, ainsi pourrons- nous tous prospérer sur cette terre. (Genèse 26)

L’eau est la ressource la plus nécessaire qu’il soit. On peut parler de « ressource vitale » au sens le plus littéral du terme car c’est l’eau qui permet la survie des organismes vivants. Qu’elle soit végétale, animale ou humaine, la vie n’est possible qu’en présence suffisante d’eau. A l’échelle d’un état, la quantité d’eau à disposition permet d’assurer ou non l’approvisionnement en eau potable des populations et l’irrigation des cultures agricoles. On comprend aisément que la raréfaction de cette ressource puisse devenir source de tension, et l’appropriation de l’eau un enjeu crucial pour la survie d’un état. Ainsi, nous étudierons en premier lieu dans quelle mesure l’eau représente un enjeu géostratégique au Proche Orient. Nous verrons que son inégale répartition géographique cristallise les tensions, et que la lutte des états pour leur autosuffisance justifie régulièrement les prises de positions violentes. Nous verrons également au travers des diverses tentatives de partage des ressources, qu’il est indispensable d’œuvrer pour une coopération régionale. En effet, les réserves en eau tendant à se raréfier, son contrôle est de plus en plus source de conflit. Si l’on considère, et c’est notre cas, que le règlement des conflits existants entre Israël et ses voisins passe nécessairement par le développement de relations économiques saines, le règlement politique de

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