terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse. The neurotransmitter then crosses the synaptic gap to reach the receptor of the other cell. The process repeats itself‚ which then causes a. Neurotransmitters play a very important role in every day life and functioning. There are two types of neurotransmitters – excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Excitatory Neurotransmitters make the post- synaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential‚ whilst the inhibitory
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in the electrochemical gradient resulting in the neurone moving away from its resting potential. This is known as an action potential. Once initiated the action potential travels the length of the axon reaching the pre-synaptic terminal where the synaptic cleft separates the following neurone. At the terminal neurotransmitters are stored ready to be released‚ across the synaptic gap‚ when the action potential arrives. The receptors on the post-synaptic neurone become occupied with the neurotransmitters
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tape around a leaking water faucet pipe to help water flow down the pipe. Myelin insulation does not cover the entire axon due to breaks in the wrapping. These breaks are called nodes. The distance between these nodes is between 0.2 and 2 mm. Action potentials traveling down the axon "jump" from node to node. This is called saltatory conduction‚ which means‚ "to jump”. Saltatory conduction is a faster way to travel down an axon than traveling in an axon without myelin. In other words the main role
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neurotransmitters‚ a chemical substance that “carries‚ boosts and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body.” (Cherry) Neurotransmitters connect with the receptor sites in a neighboring nerve cell and triggers an action potential. During an action potential‚ the membrane opens up to exchange negative ions for positive ones. Once the charge hits +40‚ the impulse is sent on its merry way down the nerve. These synapses are studied intently as they have provided insight into the causation
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Acetylcholine causes an area of the muscle fiber to become a little more positive when it leaves the nerve and docks on receptors in the muscle membrane. Large amounts of Na+ ions enter the muscle fiber because channels open after depolarization‚ and an action potential then spreads throughout the muscle fiber. The thick and thin filaments of the muscle fiber can then contract
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bound to a postsynaptic receptor. Nevertheless‚ short-term exposure of the receptor to a neurotransmitter is typically sufficient for causing a postsynaptic response by way of synaptic transmission. In response to a threshold action potential or graded electrical potential‚ a neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic terminal. Low level "baseline" release also occurs without electrical stimulation. The released neurotransmitter may then move across the synapse to be detected by and bind with
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neurones‚ o conduction of the action potential o synaptic transmission o the principal effects of stimulation of the: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system • Explain and give examples of the following types of drug action: o Receptors (agonists‚ antagonists and partial agonists) o Enzyme inhibition o Membrane transport systems • Apply your knowledge to explain action and side effects of β blockers and β2 agonists. The Action potential • Transmission is due to movement
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external environment (sense organs) (2) conductors: carry information from sensors to modulators or from modulators to effectors (nerves) (3) modulators: interpret sensory information and send information to effectors (brain‚ spinal cord) (4) effectors: part of the body that responds because of information from a modulator (muscles‚ glands) The Human Nervous System Two main components of the human nervous system: (1) central nervous system (CNS): the brain and spinal cord (2) peripheral nervous system (PNS):
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outside. Resting potential: once the neuron is no longer active‚ unstimulated‚ polarized it is known to be resting potential. Action potential: At this stage‚ once a stimulus gets to a resting neuron‚ the stimulus causes sodium
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THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Every behavior begins with biology. Our behaviors‚ as well as our thoughts and feelings‚ are produced by the actions of our brains‚ nerves‚ muscles‚ and glands. In this chapter we will begin our journey into the world of psychology by considering the biological makeup of the human being‚ including the most remarkable of human organs—the brain. We’ll consider the structure of the brain and also the methods that psychologists use to study the brain and to understand how it
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