the order as follows. First‚ there exists an action pulse. Once this pulse reaches the end of the cell (the terminals)‚ a neurotransmitter‚ with the information that was being carried diffuses across the narrow space‚ binding itself to the receptors found in unique membranes of the receiving cell. The neurotransmitter‚ as a mediator‚ opens the channels of a number of ion species. This then leads to a resulting difference in the transmembrane potential. At this point‚ there exists two possible scenarios
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration)? You correctly answered: a. 150 mM 2. What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration)? You correctly answered: b. 5 mM 3. What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside
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different cell types that make up the neuromuscular junction. Motor neurons send out axons to skeletal muscles where an action potential is passed along the axons. The axons form a synaptic knob where they send activation signals to muscle fibres (Etherington & Hong‚ 2011). Muscles are made up of hundreds of muscle fibres that all contract simultaneously when an action potential signal is transmitted by a motor neuron (Etherington & Hong‚ 2011). Schwann cells and kranocytes cover the nerve terminal
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organs (Figure 1A). For example‚ some motor neurons in the spinal cord have axons that exceed 1 m in length‚ connecting the spine to the lower limb muscles. These axons transmit signals to the target muscle in the form of electric impulses called action potentials. However‚ the axons alone are not enough to produce rapid conduction of the electric current necessary for this signal to be sent. Glial cells are the key element for supporting the messages neurons send and receive all over the body. Much like
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contractions drop. This is due to the higher voltage‚ which inhibits the contractions. 2) What is the frequency of the regular spontaneous contractions of the ileum? What causes these spontaneous contractions? The frequency of the contractions was approximately 14 per minute. Spontaneous contractions occur due to the presence of pacemaker cells‚ which spontaneously produce action potentials. Attach a copy of your experimental recordings showing the response to
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smell‚ proprioreception‚ hearing‚ equilibrium‚ gustation‚ etc. Each modality has a specific receptor Each modality is conducted by sensory (afferent) neurons to the CNS and is the result of different neural pathways and synaptic connections 2. Sensory Pathways 3. Law of Specific Nerve Energy Each sensory neuron carries information about only one sensation: they usually respond best to one form of stimulus energy (but other stimuli can evoke a response) It ISN’T THE NEURON‚ it’s WHERE
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in the electrochemical gradient resulting in the neurone moving away from its resting potential. This is known as an action potential. Once initiated the action potential travels the length of the axon reaching the pre-synaptic terminal where the synaptic cleft separates the following neurone. At the terminal neurotransmitters are stored ready to be released‚ across the synaptic gap‚ when the action potential arrives. The receptors on the post-synaptic neurone become occupied with the neurotransmitters
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tape around a leaking water faucet pipe to help water flow down the pipe. Myelin insulation does not cover the entire axon due to breaks in the wrapping. These breaks are called nodes. The distance between these nodes is between 0.2 and 2 mm. Action potentials traveling down the axon "jump" from node to node. This is called saltatory conduction‚ which means‚ "to jump”. Saltatory conduction is a faster way to travel down an axon than traveling in an axon without myelin. In other words the main role
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Acetylcholine causes an area of the muscle fiber to become a little more positive when it leaves the nerve and docks on receptors in the muscle membrane. Large amounts of Na+ ions enter the muscle fiber because channels open after depolarization‚ and an action potential then spreads throughout the muscle fiber. The thick and thin filaments of the muscle fiber can then contract
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external environment (sense organs) (2) conductors: carry information from sensors to modulators or from modulators to effectors (nerves) (3) modulators: interpret sensory information and send information to effectors (brain‚ spinal cord) (4) effectors: part of the body that responds because of information from a modulator (muscles‚ glands) The Human Nervous System Two main components of the human nervous system: (1) central nervous system (CNS): the brain and spinal cord (2) peripheral nervous system (PNS):
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