SODIUM DISORDERS * Identify specific types of hyponatremia and hypernatremia using diagnostic criteria and assessment questions * Hyponatremia * Mild: 125-130 * Nausea‚ Malaise * Moderate: 115-125 * HA‚ Lethargy‚ Restlessness‚ Disorientation * Severe: <115 * Seizures‚ Coma‚ Resp/Brainstem damage * Hypernatremia * Mild: 145-160 * Asymptomatic * Moderate: 160-180
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BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES 1. The Bronsted-Lowry definition There are many definitions of acids and bases in existence‚ but the most useful one is the Bronsted-Lowry definition: An acid is a substance which can behave as a proton (re presented as a hydrogen ion‚ H+) donor. Any substance which contains hydrogen bonded to a more electronegative element can thus behave as an acid: HCl == H+ + Cl- H2SO4 == H+ + HSO4- A base is a substance which can behave as a proton acceptor. Any
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Therefore‚ Williams and Woessner (2009‚ pp. 640-646) state that the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology published a report of a comprehensive analysis of the safety of MSG and established a list of symptoms that constitutes the syndrome as shown in table 1. The less pejorative and more inclusive term Monosodium glutamate symptom complex (MSGSC) was also proposed. Additionally‚ these studies suggest
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Procedure: Part I: Titration with an Indicator 1. Fill the 50-milliliter buret with a 0.25 molar NaOH solution. 2. Record volume. 3. Measure out between 20 milliliters and 40 milliliters of the unknown HCl solution. 4. Record volume. 5. The amount of unknown HCl is then added to the 100-milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. 6. Add two drops of the indicator‚ phenolphthalein‚ to the acid in the flask. 7. Using the slider on the right hand side‚ add NaOH to the HCl in the Erlenmeyer
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Investigation How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate affect the rate of reaction to hydrochloric acid? contents page 1: contents‚ aim‚ prediction‚ equation‚ diagram page 2: equipment‚ preliminary experiments page 3: page 4: page 5: page 6: page 7: page 8: Aim: In my investigation I am trying to find out how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid gets affected but the concentration of the thiosulfate. Prediction: My prediction is that the increased
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An Introduction to Titration: Standardization of HCl and NaOH Lab Report Introduction: It is important to standardize solutions in order to have the accurate amount of concentration known. A standard solution can be prepared in either of two ways: A primary standard is carefully weighed‚ dissolved‚ and diluted accurately to a known volume. Its concentration can be calculated from this data. A solution is made to an approximate concentration and then standardized by titrating an accurately weighed
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Titration Lab How Much Citric Acid is in Your Soda? PURPOSE To determine the molarity (concentration) of citric acid (H3C6H5O7) in various different citrus flavored sodas. BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES Popular sodas all strive for a somewhat sour (’tart’) flavor and manufacturers utilize acids to impart this taste. While there are a vast variety of different brands of sodas on the market‚ they can be broken into two main categories: dark or clear. This differentiation is not only a simple color
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two properties that help to identify unknown compounds. To find the pKa of an unknown‚ pH meters are used during titrations to measure the potential difference in a solution by measure the difference of hydrogen-ion activity in a solution and reporting the pH. The pH is then plotted against the volume of solution added which provides the titration curve of a substance. From the titration curve information can be gathered about how many protons were dissociated and the equivalence point. pH=pKa+log([H]/[OH]
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Titration Lab of NaOH and KHP Aim: To titrate Sodium Hydroxide with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate . To also determine the concentration of NaOH in the KHP solution. Hypothesis: When KHP is added to the solution of NaOH and the indicator‚ the solution will turn clear and neutralize. The concentration of NaOH is going to be very low because it is diluted. Materials required: pipette filler‚ volumetric flasks(2-4)‚ beakers(2)‚small white piece of paper‚ indicator( 2 drops)‚ conical flask‚ clamp
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Piumbroeck Chem 214 Acid-Base Titration‚ Determination of Carbonate and Bicarbonate in a water sample Introduction The purpose of this lab is to determine the concentration of two bases‚ carbonate and bicarbonate‚ by using a potentiometric titration. We can determine the concentration of the bases in the reactions ( H+ +CO3- < ==> HCO3- and H+ + HCO3- < ==> H2CO3-) by the way the pH of the solution changes. The way the pH changes when a strong acid is added can be used to
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