Taste and Smell Organs purpose Main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world Type of receptor Olfactory “smell” receptors Smell the faculty or power of perceiving odors or scents by means of the organs in the nose olfactory cilia trap particulate matter the olfactory receptor cells detect the odor molecules then it travels down the olfactory tract to the olfactory bulb Electrical impulse sent to the olfactory bulb The olfactory bulb interprets impulse
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specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates‚ which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans‚ olfaction occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus‚ a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb (a brain structure directly above the nasal cavity and below the frontal lobe).[2] Many vertebrates
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through the nostrils and circulated within the nasal cavities connected to the nostrils. Olfactory epithelium Thin sheet of cells which contain neural receptors for olfaction Contains olfactory receptor cells and glia-type support cells that produce mucus Also contains basal cells which give rise to new receptors when needed Olfactory receptor cells Regularly die and replaced in a cycle approximately four to six weeks. Are bipolar: 1. Branch 1 – reaches out to the surface of the epithelium
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activates the acetylcholine receptor. It is a cholinergic agonist used for treating glaucoma or during ophthalmic surgery. Choline carbamate Positively charged quaternary ammonium compound Not well absorbed in GIT tract and does not cross the BBB Not easily metabolised by cholinesterase 2-5 min onset of action Duration of action 4-8 hours (topical)‚ 24 hours for intraocular administration Parasympathomimetic that sitmulates both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors Methacholine = Synthetic
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CHANTIX® (varenicline) Tablets DESCRIPTION CHANTIX® tablets contain the active ingredient‚ varenicline (as the tartrate salt)‚ which is a partial agonist selective for α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Varenicline‚ as the tartrate salt‚ is a powder which is a white to off-white to slightly yellow solid with the following chemical name: 7‚8‚9‚10-tetrahydro-6‚10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2‚3h][3]benzazepine‚ (2R‚3R)-2‚3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1). It is highly soluble in water. Varenicline
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through recognition of β-glucans polymers expressed on cell surfaces of certain pathogens which are known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPs expressed on the cell surface of pathogens bind to complementary receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)‚ such as Dectin-1‚ which initiates an immune response. Conclusions drawn from investigations aimed at the bioactivity of β-glucans is difficult due to problems associated with their isolation from nature. For this reason
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Receptors and Ligands: Examining the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on Daphnia magna physiology Abstract The following study was conducted in order to determine the effects of four different pharmaceutical compounds on the heart rate of Daphnia specimens. After basal heart rate was observed and computed‚ four different solutions each containing either an adrenergic‚ muscarinic‚ or nicotinic agonist or antagonist was tested against individual Daphnia. Observations were made through a compound
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(MG) Definition Myasthenia gravis is a chronic‚ progressive neuromuscular‚ autoimmune disease marked by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. The body’s immune system attacks and destroys receptors in the muscles. These receptors bind acetylcholine‚ the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons. (Turkington & Harris‚ 2009) The main calling card of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of
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Our brains change as we age. Many of us notice slower thinking and problems with recalling certain events as we grow older; nonetheless‚ confusion‚ memory loss and other key changes in how our minds work may be a sign that brain cells are failing. Many people confuse Alzheimer’s disease with dementia. Dementia is a set of symptoms that include problem solving‚ reasoning skills and memory loss while Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disorder that is usually characterized by considerable dysfunctions
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is more common in young women and old men‚ but it is not inheritable. The most common symptom of MG is that it affects the ocular (eye) muscle. MG affects the immune system‚ but mostly it affects the process of muscle contraction and attacks the receptors. Many people who have MG live normal lives‚ but it takes time to get used to the symptoms. Discussion The Neuromuscular Disease Myasthenia Gravis (Mg) is an autoimmune disease that causes weakness to
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