interneuron‚ where it binds to receptors and causes You correctly answered: a. ion channels to open‚ so that the receiving end of the interneuron depolarizes. 4. Interneurons respond to chemical (neurotransmitter) stimulation with a change in membrane potential that is You correctly answered: b. graded with the stimulus intensity. Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: If you apply a very weak‚ subthreshold stimulus to the sensory receptor Your answer : a. a small‚ depolarizing
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Which of the following is located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane? a. DHP receptor b. ryanodine receptor c. Ca ATPase d. both b and c 46. The smooth sustained contraction that is a result of a high frequency of stimulation is: a. recruitment b. unfused tetanus c. fused tetanus d. treppe 47. Stretch increases the strength of contraction
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology David Shier Jackie Butler Ricki Lewis Created by Lu Anne Clark Professor of Science‚ Lansing Community College Chapter 17 Lecture Outlines* *See PowerPoint image slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes”. 17 -1 Chapter 17 Urinary System 17 -2 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. Permission required for reproduction
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The Sense of Taste Taste is the ability to respond to dissolved molecules and ions called tastants. Humans detect taste with taste receptor cells. These are clustered in taste buds. Each taste bud has a pore that opens out to the surface of the tongue enabling molecules and ions taken into the mouth to reach the receptor cells inside. There are five primary taste sensations: • salty • sour • sweet • bitter • umami Properties of the taste system. • A single taste bud contains 50–100 taste
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noradrenaline‚ 5 HT transporters Receptors * Serve as recognition sites for specific endogenous compounds such as: 1. Neurotransmitters‚ e.g. noradrenaline 2. Hormones (thyroid hormones) 3. Local Hormones /Autacoids (released and act upon the same/nearby tissue‚ e.g. prostaglandins) Drug Receptors Most drugs exert their effects‚ by interacting with receptors present on the cell surface or intracellularly Action occurs when drug binds to receptor and this action may be: Ion channel
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a decrease in receptor sensitivity or perception after constant stimulation * receptor A had a circular receptive field with a diameter of 2.5 cm. receptor b has a circular receptive field 7.0 cm in diameter. which receptor provides more precise sensory info? * receptor A provides more information because it has a smaller receptive field. * 5 special senses - smell (ofalction)‚ taste (gustation)‚ vision‚ balance (equilibrium)‚ hearing 9-2 * general sensory receptors noniceptors
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Lecture 12-Mechanisms of drugs Question 1 TCAs-Tricyclic antidepressants Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin ie they linger for longer in the synapse and interact with receptors longer SSRIs-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Block only serotonin (not NE) reuptake MAOIs-Monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors (MAOIs) * Block action of MAO enzymes – presynaptic terminal has increased levels of monoamine transmitters for release * Decrease in MAO activityIncrease
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The first step- the virus binds to a receptor-->entry and uncoating--> early gene expression-->replication of viral genome-->late gene expression->assembly of viral progeny-->exit 2. Concept 2.1- Virus entry is a multistep process with the ultimate goal of delivering viral genome (payload) into the cells. A. Binding to surface receptors- - a viral receptor is cell surface molecule‚ likely a transmembrane protein - a virus may need multiple receptors to enter the cell -the ability of viruses
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a specific receptor Each modality is conducted by sensory (afferent) neurons to the CNS and is the result of different neural pathways and synaptic connections 2. Sensory Pathways 3. Law of Specific Nerve Energy Each sensory neuron carries information about only one sensation: they usually respond best to one form of stimulus energy (but other stimuli can evoke a response) It ISN’T THE NEURON‚ it’s WHERE IT GOES IN THE CNS Normal or Adequate stimulus Allows receptors to function
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endocrine control Two major systems evolved to communicate and coordinate body functions Nervous system Endocrine system Hormones are carried through the blod to distant target tissue where they are recognized by specific‚ high-affinity receptors These receptors may be located either on the surface of target tissue‚ within the cytosol‚ or in the target cell’s nucleus Once a hormone is recognized by its target tissue or tissues‚ it can exert its biologic action by a process known as signal transduction
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