Ethos‚ Logos‚ Pathos: Three Ways to Persuade by Dr. John R. Edlund‚ Cal Poly Pomona Over 2‚000 years ago the Greek philosopher Aristotle argued that there were three basic ways to persuade an audience of your position: ethos‚ logos‚ and pathos. Ethos: The Writer’s Character or Image The Greek word ethos is related(связанные) to our word ethics or ethical‚ but a more accurate(точный) modern translation might be “image.” Aristotle uses ethos to refer to the speaker’s character as it appears to
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Chapter 8 Fallacies Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning. In this chapter we will be concerned specifically with informal fallacies. In chapter five we already dealt with certain species of formal fallacy‚ such as denying the antecedent and affirming the consequent. A formal fallacy is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning because of its structure. In contrast‚ an informal fallacy involves a mistake in reasoning that goes beyond the structure of the argument and that needs inspection
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Fallacies and Organizational Examples The concept of critical thinking can be a difficult task. The process involves analyzing an argument and determining whether it ’s fallacious or not. An argument is fallacious when there is an error in its reasoning. Bassham‚ Irwin‚ Nardone and Wallace (2002) suggest there are two types of fallacies: (1) fallacies of relevance and (2) fallacies of insufficient evidence. This case study will analyze three fallacies. First‚ one fallacy of relevance will be
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would break farm rules to establish themselves in a place of superiority. Then‚ to keep the animals from questioning the pigs’ rise in power‚ the pigs would use propaganda to justify their unjust actions. For example‚ the pigs used faulty-cause-and-effect reasoning to justify receiving better food. Early in the novella‚ the animals discovered the pigs were the only ones to receive milk and apples. This discovery brought dismay to the other animals‚ until Squealer was quick to say‚ “milk and apples
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Rational Thinking & Creative Ideas Erroneous Reasoning: Fallacies 1. Fallacies are simply mistakes or defects that occur in arguments. They are incorrect inferences. Fallacious arguments may superficially be persuasive‚ but logically incorrect. Fallacies can be committed in many ways‚ but usually they involve either a mistake in reasoning or creation of some illusion that make a bad argument appear good. Understanding fallacies and knowing why some inferences are incorrect could help us to
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that Bryson Corporation has to act ethically‚ because given the sensitive nature of the faulty product‚ lives might get endangered. Moreover‚ the company has to act ethically to fulfill the following reasons: they have to meet the demands of the business stakeholders. 10 country US poll shows that 90% of general public places business ethics standards above traditional corporate goals. Therefore‚ making faulty cables for the defense customers will likely ruin their reputation hurdling them into legal
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Chapter 4 – Reasons for belief and doubt * If we care whether our beliefs are true or reliable then we must care about the reasons for accepting those beliefs * The better the reasons for acceptance‚ the more likely are the beliefs‚ or statements to be true * Inadequate reasons‚ no reasons or fake reasons should lead us to doubt a statement * When two claims conflict they simply cannot both be true * If a new claim conflicts with other claims we have good reason to accept‚ we
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wealth through the “Default Setting.” From a faulty perception of Wallace’s use of “Default Setting” the reader believes the setting can help achieve this because you will be acting for yourself‚ putting “your needs”‚ “your wants”‚ and “your goals” ahead of everyone else’s‚ because “you” are at the center of every situation. But really what Wallace wants the reader to see is that actually what is being said is simply just a mockery. Wallace is attacking the “Default Setting” by pointing out that using
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be summarized in the following diagram‚ premises inferences conclusion. Premises can be thought of as acceptable reasoning or presuppositions that make up the foundation of the argument. Logical fallacies -or fallacy for short (Bassham 2)‚ can be defined as an argument or arguments that offer reasoning that does not support its conclusion. The reasoning can either be mistaken or reasoning that does not sufficiently support the conclusion. Logical fallacies can generally be classified into two general
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1. Describe why it is important to read critically. Critical reading allows writers to discover an author’s purpose‚ identify his/her tone and persuasive elements‚ recognize his/her position on an issue‚ and explore the strengths and weaknesses of an author’s argument‚ making readers have a deep understanding of the article and the issue. Also‚ critical reading helps readers construct and evaluate their own argument because it is the first step of critical writing (Goshgarian and Krueger 28). Moreover
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