ladder ⁃ spirillum spiral < 20 turns ⁃ spirochete spiral > 20 turns ⁃ pleomorphic variation in size and shape 3. Cell structure ⁃ appendages ⁃ fimbriae facilitate attachment‚ few-thousands‚ adhesin‚ pilin proteins ⁃ pili facilitate conjugation‚ 1-10 ⁃ flagella whip-like structures for motility ⁃ filament‚ hook‚ basal body (G+ one pair ring‚ G- two
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THE 5 KINGDOMS OF LIFE- the amazing diversity of living systems 1. the Monera The five-kingdom system of classification for living organisms‚ including the prokaryotic Monera and the eukaryotic Protista‚ Fungi‚ Plantae and Animalia is complicated by the discovery of archaebacteria. The prokaryotic Monera include three major divisions: The regular bacteria or eubacteria; the cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae); and the archaebacteria. Lipids of archaebacterial cell membranes differ considerably
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pharmaceutical industries use of transformation is seen in the development of insulin‚ which is used to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus (2). In nature‚ many strands of bacteria genetically exchange genetic information during a process known as conjugation‚ and the new information is passed on subsequent generations. The advantage of using bacteria relates to the single-celled nature of the organisms. Only one cell needs to be changed in order to integrate the new genetic information and allow for
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AP Bio - Modern Genetics Protein Synthesis • Start with primer • New strand is 5’ to 3’ • TATA Box - TTAATTAA • RNA Polymerase - Reads and matches bases (One recipe; only reads leading strand) • Single strand produced; mRNA • Now produced pre-mRNA (You need exon‚ not intron) • Introns create spaces‚ need ligase to connect exons to make true mRNA. • Adds a poly A tail (on 3’ side) and 5’ (prime) cap (on 5’ side) used for defense • Leaves through pore to ribosome. • Messenger RNA will attach to
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The Rise of the Superbugs A Superbug is a bacterium that can live in the human body and has the ability to withstand all forms of antibiotic medication. Superbugs are becoming increasingly significant in modern medicine as they are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotics were discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming (Walsh and McManus‚ 2000). This resulted in a huge movement forward in medical history and even greatened human life expectancy. Since then antibiotics have been
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inactivates drugs though some drug metabolites are pharmacologically in active status. Inactive substance which has a metabolite that is active is referred to as a prodrug. Drugs are metabolized by the following processes; reduction‚ oxidation‚ conjugation‚ hydration‚ hydrolysis‚ condensation and isomerization. All these processes make the excretion of drugs easier from the body like that of a human being. For metabolism to occur‚ enzymes must be present. Enzymes are present in body tissues but they
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Review all chapters in your exercise manual beginning with the introduction INTRODUCTION: (Covered 9.4.14 II Week 1) Biosafety levels1: basic level of containment. Hand washing or wearing gloves 2: Appropriate for working with human body fluids. Autoclave‚ sharps containers‚ lab coats 3: appropriate for working with pathogens that can be transmitted via respiratory route. Self-closing‚ double doors and sealed windows 4: Highest level. Aerosol pathogens; pathogens with no vaccine/treatment. Separate
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Bacteria are the most ancient life forms‚ most bacteria are so small that under a light microscope you can only see them as little dots. Some groups however grow to larger sizes and have spectacular shapes (1). Bacteria are present in most habitats on the planet‚ growing in soil‚ water‚ acidic hot springs‚ radioactive waste‚ and deep in the Earth’s crust‚ as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals (2). Bacteria is mostly thought of as a pathogen‚ while it is true that
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Ross Cambe 3. Molecular microbial ecology and stable isotopes. 14C and C13 Dating- gives us an idea for life‚ when life began and what environment looked like Radioactive- determines how OLD the material is in the environment Stable- Biological ORIGIN of material in environment Based on the concept that during life‚ every living thing accumulates certain amount of 14C Helps us date organisms or discoveries Biogenic origin vs. abiotic origin: 13C. fixed proportion of C12 to 13C Preferential
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Clostridium Difficile Clostridium difficile also known as C-diff in the medical world or C. difficile in the science world is a bacterium that infects the colon of humans. C-diff belongs to the bacteria Domain. Bacteria are unicellular organisms that contain Peptidoglycan in their cell walls. C-diff is a member of the phylum Firmicutes which means it has a Gram-positive stain and a low guanine and cytosine content. C-diff is also classified as a clostridia meaning it has a lack of aerobic respiration
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