Compare and contrast the Marxist and Weberian theories of social class. Why do you think Marx emphasises relations of production in the formation of classes whilst Weber suggests the market and consumption are the important factors? All human societies have been class based in some way‚ shape or form and‚ interpreting this in the most basic way‚ it can be said that in every known human society there has been a fundamental division between two broad social groups‚ the buorgeoisie that own and control
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Experiment 19: Fischer Esterification‚ Conclusion The objective in this experiment was to efficiently perform an Fischer esterification of 1-butanol and acetic acid to form water and n-butyl acetate‚ and to confirm the esterification using IR spectroscopy analysis. It was found that 0.734 grams of n-butyl acetate was formed with a percent yield of 61%. The product was confirmed using IR spectroscopy and boiling point confirmation. The reaction mechanism for this specific reaction was as follows:
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separate vials‚ label and store. 13. Disassemble and clean the fractional distilling apparatus using hexane for the joints and acetone for the glassware. III. Observations O O O O Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate (boiling point ~ 78◦C) (boiling point ~ 120◦C) Initial temperature of fractional distillation apparatus:
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distillation techniques: simple and fractional. Simple distillation was done to separate ethyl acetate—which has a usual boiling point of 77º—from a less volatile component‚ while fractional distillation was done to distinguish an ethyl acetate/n-butyl acetate mixture‚ which has boiling points of 77º and 125 º‚ respectively. Results and Discussion As previously stated the standard boiling point for ethyl acetate is 77º. The data obtained resulted with the experimental boiling point being approximately
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SYNTHETIC EXPLOITATION OF ENZYMES: BIOCATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS: FUNDAMENTALS ENZYMES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 1. Enzymes catalyze a broad spectrum of reactions with high turnover numbers. Rate enhancements approach 1012 fold. 2. Enzymes may accept a wide range of substrates. 3. Enzymes are highly regio and stereoselective. 4. Enzyme reactions take place under mild conditions; this minimizes problems of isomerization and racemization. 5. Enzymatic processes are less hazardous and polluting
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sebacoyl chloride with the loss of HCl via nucleophilic substitution. Cellulose triacetate was generated by mixing cotton balls and acetic anhydride with acidic condition under heating. Materials: Styrene‚ 1 M NaOH solution‚ CaCl2(s)‚ xylene‚ t-butyl peroxybenzoate‚ methanol‚ 5% aqueous solution of 1‚ 6-hexanediamine‚ NaOH(s)‚ 5% sebacoyl chloride in hexane‚ glacial acetic acid‚ concentrated H2SO4‚ cotton balls‚ acetic anhydride‚ CH2Cl2 Procedure: For the synthesis of polystyrene‚ 10 ml styrene
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ketones‚ and may produce chloroform in chlorinated water supplies contaminated with methyl ketones. MEK and other ketones are photochemically reactive when excited by wavelengths occurring in the atmosphere and produce free radicals‚ which lead to the formation of photochemical smog. MEK is stable under ordinary
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Introduction: Dealing with chemicals is an essential part of a chemical engineer’s job. It is therefore crucial to be able to accurately identify the composition of a chemical to be able to work with it. Indeed‚ different species have different physical and chemical properties which dictate their uses and applications. Furthermore‚ this kind of analysis is important in quality control since the detection of unwanted chemicals may lead to the rejection of a product for example. In addition to qualitative
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anhydride Ethyl acetate Acid chlorides form esters by reaction with alcohols. O CH3CH2CH2OH 1-Propanol + H3C Cl Acetyl chloride C H3C O C O CH2CH2CH3 + HCl n-Propyl acetate In the latter reaction‚ an organic base such as pyridine is usually added to react with the hydrogen chloride. A number of other methods can be used to synthesize the ester group. Among these are the addition of 2methylpropene to an acid to form t-butyl esters‚ the addition of ketene to make acetates‚ and the reaction
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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY EXPERIMENT The purpose of this experiment is for the student: 1) to learn the general theoretical aspects of gas chromatography as a separation method‚ 2) to learn how to operate gas chromatographs specific to COD‚ 3) to become familiar with using the gas chromatograph (GC) to qualitatively identify components of mixtures‚ 4) to be introduced to and to interpret the quantitative data available via gas chromatography‚ 5) to gain insight into how the GC technique is used
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