and solid. Chemically‚ petroleum is a mixture of carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen (called hydrocarbons) with minor amounts of nitrogen‚ oxygen‚ and sulfur as impurities along with heavy metals. Petroleum is organic; it contains complex carbon‚ hydrogen molecular structures (CH4) called chains that are linked together to form long-chains of more complex molecules. TYPES OF PETROLEUM: There are three general types of petroleum: 1. Crude oil‚ 2. Natural gas‚ and 3. Semi-solid and Solid forms. 1. Crude oil refers
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3 Solubility of Ionic Substances 1. Identify each of the following as ionic or molecular substances: a) NaCl(aq) ........................................................___________________________________ b) CH 3COOH(aq) ..........................................___________________________________ c) CCl4(l) ...................................................___________________________________ d) HNO3(aq) e) C2H6(l) 2. ................................................___________________________________
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Experiment 12 Influences of Molecular Shape and Intermolecular Forces on Physical Properties By Hannah Kloss Chemistry 112L- 01 --- Eric Boakye November 10‚ 2014 Physical properties are properties that can be measured and seen in an object. An example of a physical property of an object would be the color‚ mass‚ solubility‚ volume‚ or the polarity of an object. A physical property can change the appearance of an object‚ but that does not mean that the chemical composition has to change
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200 Things to Know to Pass the Chemistry Exam 1. Protons are positively charged (+) with a mass of 1 amu. Example: Which has the greatest nuclear charge? Cl-35 Ar-40 K-39 Ca-40 2. Neutrons have no charge and a mass of 1 amu. 3. Electrons are small and are negatively charged (-) with a mass of almost 0 amu.. 4. Protons & neutrons are in an atom’s nucleus (nucleons). Which has the greatest number of nucleons? Sn-119 Sb-122 Te-128 I-127 5. Electrons are found in “clouds”
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Review for exam II Exam for Wednesday (part A) General descriptions of organic molecules Saturated versus unsaturated molecules How to identify each and what properties each holds Given a molecular formula- draw all isomers possible Soluble or insoluble? Enantiomers‚ diastereomers‚ not isomers‚ cis/trans‚ etc Identify chiral centers Identify the compounds as being an acid‚ base or neither Hydrogen bonding‚ dipole-dipole interactions Rank several compounds by boiling point
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CHNG 1103 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS COURSE NOTES PART A: MATERIAL BALANCE GENERAL INFORMATION LECTURERS Dr. Marjorie Valix (Part A: Material Balance) email: mvalix@usyd.edu.au office: Rm 444 Chemical Engineering Blg. Phone: 93514995 (Direct) or 9351 2455 (General Office/Messages) Dr. Vincent Gomes (Part B: Energy Balance) Email: vgomes@usyd.edu.ua Office: Rm 452 Chemical Engineering Blg. Phone: 9351 4868 TEXTBOOK R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau “ Elementary
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form the following number of bonds: Element # of bonds H 1 C 4 N 3 O 2 Hal 1 Carbon may form a single‚ double and triple bonds to another carbon: C C C C C C 2. Structural or Constitutional Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula‚ but different atom connectivity. C2H6O Two different compounds with different physical & chemical properties: Ethyl alcohol (ethanol): B.P. 78.5 oC (liquid) M.P. –117.3 oC Reacts with alkaline metals. Dimethyl ether: -24.9 oC (gas
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in order to answer questions about their shape and chemical properties. Materials: * multicolored gumdrops‚ marshmallows‚ or other soft candy (to represent atoms in each model) * toothpicks (to represent the covalent bonds in each model) * paper (to draw Lewis dot structures and pictures of the models) Introduction: Chemists often use three-dimensional models to help represent the geometry‚ or shape‚ of molecules. You can purchase a molecular modeling kit at university stores or on
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Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Predicting the Shapes of Molecules There is no direct relationship between the formula of a compound and the shape of its molecules. The shapes of these molecules can be predicted from their Lewis structures‚ however‚ with a model developed about 30 years ago‚ known as the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. The VSEPR theory assumes that each atom in a molecule will achieve a geometry that minimizes the repulsion between
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HYDROCARBONS 365 UNIT 13 HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are the important sources of energy. After studying this unit‚ you will be able to • • name hydrocarbons according to IUPAC system of nomenclature; recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons; learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons; distinguish between alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties; draw and
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