we change the food source from glucose to three different experimental variables (fructose‚ sucrose‚ lactose). Cellular Respiration is a process that generates ATP and it involves the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Carbohydrates‚ fats‚ and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration‚ but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved. Cellular Respiration can be divided into three metabolic processes; Glycolysis
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shape.The milk helps with the formation of gluten‚ which gives a baked item structure and heft. When milk is added to baking‚ the resulting product will be moister and tender the amount of gluten that is formed. SUGAR CHEMICAL-Caster sugar are carbohydrates; they contain the elements of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen. Sugar dissolves and has a sweet taste. PHYSICAL AND SENSORY- caster sugar effects the color of baked products such as cheesecakes. The base of the biscuits becomes crusty when sugar crystalizes
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changes affect the structure of an enzyme molecule and therefore affect its ability to bind with its substrate molecules. Changes in pH affect the ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds that hold the enzyme together‚ which naturally affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme with the substrate. On top if this‚ the hydrogen ions neutralise the negative charges of the R groups in the active site so that the substrate and the active site do not attract and therefore do not react. Amylase is an enzyme. Since
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Independent: A range of pH should be used to establish the bell-shaped curve. Buffers should be used to do this. d. Control: You will need to use the same buffer (appropriate to the optimum pH of the enzyme used) for every sample. 3) Substrate concentration: e. Independent: Serial dilutions‚ or % concentrations (unless you are doing Chemistry‚ wherein you could use molar concentrations) could be used to find the optimum‚ and a few samples above the optimum should be done to observe
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Lab 2: The Chemistry of Life Name _____Aniqa Qureshi_ Insert the chemical symbol in the answer blank for each of the following elements. ___O______ 1. oxygen ___C______ 2. carbon ___K______ 3. potassium ___I______ 4. iodine ___H______ 5. hydrogen ___N______ 6. nitrogen ____Ca_____ 7. calcium ____Na_____ 8. sodium ____P_____ 9. phosphorus ____Mg_____ 10. magnesium ____Cl_____ 11. chloride ____Fe_____ 12. iron In the space below‚ list the chemicals (above) from the MOST
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they contain. Cereal grains are used in oats‚ barley‚ and food products like bread and pasta. Flour is a powder that is ground from many grains. Flour has many components in it. It includes yeast‚ gluten‚ and starch. Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate containing a large amount of gluten. Yeast is a eukaryotic micro-organism. The History of Flour and Bread Making Flour has been around for many years considering that people knew how to make
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in nature (exception RNA acting as ribozyme) colloidal and thermo-labile in character and specific in their action. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1878 kuhne used the word enzyme (Greek: in yeast) to indicate the catalysis taking place in biological systems. Isolation of enzyme system from cell free extract of yeast was achieved in 1883 by Buchner. He named the active principle as Zymase (later found to contain a mixture of enzymes)‚ which could convert sugar to alcohol. In 1926 James Sunner first achieved
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splitting water to release hydrogens and electrons occurs during the light dependent process. a) light dependent; b) light independent; c) carbon fixation; d) carbon photophosphorylation; e) glycolysis • 4. The process of fixing carbon dioxide into carbohydrates occurs in the light independent process. a) light dependent; b) light independent; c) ATP synthesis; d) carbon photophosphorylation; e) glycolysis • 5. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through stamata . a) chloroplasts; b) stomata: c) cuticle;
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Tick (v) if it is a true statement. Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation 1. The cell is the basic unit of life for all organisms. 2. All cells have the same shape and size. 3. All cells have a plasma membrane‚ nucleus and cytoplasm. 4. Protoplasm consists of a plasma membrane and nucleus. 5. The nucleus consists of chromosomes and a nucleolus. 6. Organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell include the nucleus‚ vacuole‚ endoplasmic reticulum‚ mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
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(Total 5 marks) 2. Draw a diagram of the human digestive system. (Total 4 marks) 3. Describe the role of enzymes in the process of digestion of proteins‚ carbohydrates and lipids in humans. (Total 6 marks) 4. Draw a labelled diagram of the digestive system. (Total 5 marks) 5. State the sources‚ substrate‚ product‚ and optimum pH conditions for the enzyme amylase. (Total 4 marks) 6. Describe the role of enzymes in digestion with reference to two named examples. (Total
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