photosynthesis 3. Cells have cellulose cell walls 4. They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants‚ such as a cereal (e.g. maize) and a herbaceous legume (e.g. peas or beans). Animals: 1. Multicellular organisms 2. Cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis 3. Cells have no cell walls 4. They have a nervous system 5. They often store carbohydrate as glycogen Examples include mammals (e.g. humans) and insects
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bonds brake and change the shape of the active site. This then means that the substrate no longer fits so there can be no end product. The PH can also affect the enzyme action as enzymes can only work under the conditions that they are suited to. Another factor is the concentration substrates because if there are more substrate there is more chance that the substrate and enzyme will find each other to make an enzyme-substrate complex. Inhibition can also affect enzymes‚ there are two types of inhibitors
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INTRODUCTION Isolation of Aspergillus niger from garden soil for the production of amylase enzyme and effect of various parameters on enzyme‚ production is the main aim of this study. Enzymes are protein catalysts synthesized by living systems and are important in synthetic as well as degradative process. Amylases are starch degradative enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of internal a-1‚ 4-0-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch in to simple sugar (glucose and maltose). It is produced
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Abstract Enzyme catalysis was observed in order to analyze how changes in temperature‚ pH‚ enzyme concentration‚ and substrate concentration affected an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This experiment analyzed the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and observed the correlation between catalase activity and products formed. It was found out that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction starts off rapidly‚ decreases‚ and levels off or completely stops‚ and can be further affected by environmental factors
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the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing one another. Sterols -4 hydrocarbon chains fused together -many functional groups attached CHOLESTEROL -a big part of the cell membrane - cells turn cholesterol into vitamin D and bile salts Carbohydrates (mono‚ di‚ poly saccharides) Monosaccharides- hold energy and store it for cellular respiration Simple sugars – provide short term energy and storage -most common one is Glucose (C6H12O) -glactose and fructose are chemical isomers meaning
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UTILIZATION OF BANANA PEEL WASTE TO PRODUCE ETHANOL I Introduction Due to increasing demand for energy‚ renewable energy sources particularly waste products like banana peel waste can be utilized to produce ethanol‚ as the vitality of ethanol are well known in science world‚ besides the methods of producing it is incomplex and it can give big impact to the world. II Body A Ethanol is widely recognized these days as a very promising alternative source of energy (Low & Isserman
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Biochemical Engineering James M. Lee Department of Chemical Engineering Washington State University Pullman‚ WA 99164-2714 jmlee@wsu.edu Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................ 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. Biotechnology .............................................................................. 1 Biochemical Engineering............................................................. 2 Biological Process....................................
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The ability to sense and respond to changes in environmental nutrient levels is critical for life. Yeast cells‚ such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae‚ have the ability to sense and adapt to nutrient levels in their external and internal environment. This ability to sense and adapt to nutrient levels play an essential role in their survival‚ such as to regulate many physiological processes like‚ metabolism‚ cell development‚ cell proliferation‚ protein synthesis‚ translation‚ and cell death; autophagy
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IGCSE Biology 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: Section I: Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1. Characteristics of living organisms 2. Classification and diversity of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out
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enzyme found in plant cell walls) is used to partially digest fruit and vegetables in baby food (I). Each type of enzyme is unique in that it will only react with the substrate that complements the enzymes ‘Active Site’. The way the enzyme and substrate combine to react can be described as a ‘lock and key’ model‚ as the shape of each substrate (e.g. Hydrogen-peroxide)‚ will only fit with the complementing enzyme (e.g. Catalase). (II) Having very specific and varying chemical reactions to make
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