Title: Experiment 28: Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Objective: The students will learn to nitrate methyl benzoate through electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. They will learn the importance of regiochemistry in chemical reactions. They might experience disubstitution through a high temperature. Reactions: Observation: The crystals started to form when added 2 g of crushed ice. The addition of hot methanol dissociated the crystals. The crystals reappeared when cooled down in
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half-equation: I2 + 2e 2I- ----- (2) Combine equations 1 and 2: RCH(OH)CH3 + 2OH- + I2 RCOCH3 + 2H2O + 2I- [equation for Stage 1] Stage 2: Oxidation to carboxylate salt [mechanism will be discussed in Section 3.7: Carbonyl Compounds] RCOCH3 RCOO- RCOCH3 RCOO- + CHI3 [balance C by adding CHI3] RCOCH3 + 3I2 RCOO- + CHI3 + 3I- [balance I by adding I2 and I-] RCOCH3 + H2O + 3I2 RCOO- + CHI3 + 3I- [balance O atoms] RCOCH3 + H2O + 3I2 RCOO- + CHI3
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acidic conditions. Carboxylic acids alone are not reactive enough to be attacked by neutral alcohols‚ but they can be made much more reactive in the presence of a strong acid‚ such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The mineral acid protonates the carbonyl group oxygen atom and gives the carboxylic acid a positive charge. Now positively charged‚ the carboxylic acid is much more reactive toward a nucleophillic attack by the alcohol. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy is a technique used
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group by “2”‚ and the signal at 2 indicate the alkane group must be attached with carbonyl group. Thus‚ all the information collected from NMR suggested that the product of fisher esterification was (1‚3-dimthylbutyl) acetate. A number of errors could have occurred in this experiment‚ which could have limited the amount of desired product yield. First‚ if not enough acid catalyst was used‚ protonation of the carbonyl group on the carboxylic acid would have been difficult to obtain. Second‚ if the
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Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides‚ which monosaccharides are made up of two different functional groups: carbonyl and hydroxyl. The second macromolecule is the lipid and the lipid is made up of three elements‚ which they are oxygen‚ hydrogen‚ and carbon. Lipids have monomers that are called fatty acids and these monomers are made up of carboxyl and methyl groups
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aldehydes and ketones‚ the reaction is generally performed in ether solvents at low temperature. O R or O R R’ R H LiAlH4 R OH or H OH R’ O Br Me LiAlH4 Et2O‚ -78 C Scheme 3 OH Br Me Mechanism The hydride from LAH is transferred to the carbonyl group to form alkoxy anion which then forms complex with aluminum (Scheme 4). Similarly‚ four hydride atoms are replaced by four alkoxy groups and the aluminum complex thus formed is then hydrolyzed by dilute acid to give the desired alcohol. O
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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon – The Backbone of Biological Molecules * Although cells are 70–95% water‚ the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. * Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. * Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules and has made possible the great diversity of living things. * Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ and other molecules that
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CHM1002 Synthesis of Benzanilide and Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate and the Identification of ‘Unknowns’ from Spectroscopic and Physical Properties James Lucas 10394308 23/11/12 Introduction In this series of practicals it was the aim to synthesise both Benzanilide and Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate. Benzanilide was synthesised using The Schotten Baumann reaction which takes a hydrogen atom from an amino group and substitutes it for an acyl group. For Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate
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The goal of our experiment was to compare how side chains alter the ionizability of our three amino acids: alanine‚ aspartic acid‚ and cysteine. More specifically‚ we wanted to observe how a thiol group and a carboxyl group affected the ionizability of the rest of the amino acid. Because alanine contains a single methyl group on its side chain‚ we can easily compare the functional groups of aspartic acid and cysteine to it because both aspartic acid and cysteine start their side chains with a methylene
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The ester group of the acyl-enzyme is then hydrolysed by nucleophilic attack of serine on the peptide carbonyl group‚ collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and the release of the amine component. Histidine 57 then acts as a general acid catalyst and draws a proton away from the water molecule. The OH- ion then attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the acyl group which forms another tetrahedral intermediate which breaks down to form the carboxylic acid product. The
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