Reasoning In the case of deductive reasoning – the goal is to produce a sound argument. A deductive argument in sound if the reasoning is valid (meaning the form is correct) and the premises are true. Syllogisms Grouped into three categories – categorical‚ disjunctive‚ hypothetical Categorical Syllogisms whether things belong or do not The major premise and minor premise and conclusion express things that categorize things Proceeds from a general premise to specific conclusion All CS include:
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IDEAS AND TERMS A. Etymology Greek word‚ ‘eidos’ which means image Our mind contains ideas which are formed through our encounter with reality – with everything knowable through the human mind. Definition IDEA is defined as the representation of the essence of a thing in the mind. Expressed differently‚ an idea is a mental (intellectual) image or a picture of the object of the mind which is the result of comparison‚ reflection or abstraction. Being a representation of the essence of a thing in the
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Reasoning What is reasoning ? It is also a kind of thinking but different from it‚ in the sense there is checking and re - checking of the conclusion arrived at based on certain facts so reasoning is defined as ’’ a process of arriving at a new judgement on the basis of one or more judgement‚’’ Reasoning is the mental activity used in and argument‚ proof‚ or demonstration‚ reasoning is generally associated with rules and methods and formal laws of logic but many people reason and argue without
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According to Aristotle‚ one of the greatest philosophers “every human being must philosophize because first of all philosophy is everybody’s business; every time we reason‚ we use philosophy. WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY PHILOSOPHY? a. It helps us clarify issues‚ discriminate among options and make better decisions. Philosophy helps us to choose the better choice or options. b. Philosophy has a practical side. Philosophy is something that we can do. It helps us to be critical and with the
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as the main instrument of scientific exploration. His most profound achievement is the theory of the categorical syllogism. He proposed methods on how to categorize categorical syllogism in terms of mood and figure‚ and he developed rules for identifying the validity of these syllogisms. He also developed the concepts of possibility and necessity and how they apply to categorical propositions. He showed how arguments could be defective in terms of thirteen forms of informal fallacy. Aristotle’s
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MANALOG REVIEWER TRANSLATING ORDINARY LANGUAGE STATEMENTS INTO CATEGORICAL FORM 1. Terms without Nouns a. Some roses are red. = Some roses are red flowers. i. This proposition has NO NOUN in the predicate ii. We insert “flowers” into the predicate: b. Some snakes are poisonous. = Some snakes are poisonous animals. c. No craftsmen are careless. = No craftsmen are careless people. 2. Non Standard Verbs d. Some college students will become evaluated
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Enthymeme 1 Types of Categorical Arguments 1. Enthymeme (having less than 3 propositions) 2. Syllogism (having 3 propositions) 3. Sorites (having more than 3 propositions) 2 Enthymeme Definition • The incomplete form of argument having omitted premise or conclusion. e.g. Diamond is expensive‚ because it is rare. • Enthymeme
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1. Identify each of the following propositions as having the form A‚ E‚ I‚ or O‚ then place it in standard categorical form. In each case‚ clearly indicate the subject and the predicate terms. 2. Draw a Venn diagram representing each of the propositions. 3. For each proposition state whether it has existential import a) according to the ancient (Aristotelian) interpretation‚ and b) according to the modern (hypothetical) interpretation. 4. For each proposition‚ construct its converse‚ contrapositive
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of them. * Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. A Propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound propositions. For a compound proposition to be true‚ the truth values of its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives which occur in it (most commonly: <and>‚ <or>‚ <not>‚ <only if>‚ <if and only if>). The following fallacies
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COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH • INFERENCE (broad sense) = any process by which the mind proceeds from one or more propositions to other propositions seen to be implied in the former. • INFERENCE (strict sense) = the operation by which the mind gets new knowledge by drawing out the implications of what is already known. • INFERENCE = also applied to any series of propositions so arranged that one‚ called the CONSEQUENT‚ flows with logical necessity from one or more others‚ called the ANTECEDENT
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