The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude‚ generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis‚[1][2] PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.[3][4] These include DNA cloning for sequencing‚ DNA-based phylogeny‚ or
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connection that can impose excitation or inhibition‚ but not both on the receptive neuron. Main parts of the Neuron The principle of Space-Charge Neutrality states that in any given volume‚ the total charges of cations are approximately equal to the total charges of anions. This principle holds for
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give colorless solutions. It is classified as a dicarboxylic acid. In terms of acid strength‚ it is much stronger than acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base‚ known as oxalate (C2O42−)‚ is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically‚ oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula H2C2O4·2H2O. Oral consumption of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact is dangerous. Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid that
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Negatively charged ions in water. (7) “Many water soluble materials which‚ when dissolved in water‚ split apart into electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms called ions. The ions with the negative charge are called anions and those with the positive charge are cations.” (7) Water is vital to living organisms because between 60 to 70% of our body is made up of water. One of the main functions of water in living organism is its use as a solvent‚ because water is slightly ionised‚ other polar
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Water (H2O); Origin of Life By Mohammad Kamruzzamil Mojumder Contents Profile of water Physical properties of water Chemical aspects Chemical properties Reactions of water Importance in daily life Aspects as an energy resource Profile Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure but it often coexists on earth with its solid state‚ Ice and gaseous state ‚steam (water vapor). It is a polar solvent but generally a weak electrical conductor and 65% of Human body weight is
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by using Na+ conductor “sodium beta alumina (β-Al2O3)”. 1973 (P. V. Wright) 1978 (M. B. Armand‚ J. M. Chabagno‚ M. Duclot) First polymer electrolyte 5 Conduction Mechanisms Vacancy conduction Interstitial conduction Schottky defect (a cation & anion vacancy pair) T ↑ → defect ↑ → conductivity
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|WEEK |LEARNING OBJECTIVES |LEARNING OUTCOMES |ACTIVITIES |REMARKS | |1 |FORM 4 ORIENTATION | | |4/1 – 6/1 |
Free Atom Periodic table Chemical element
Ideal gases: No volume‚ no intermolecular forces Atoms/Molecules that are gases at room temperature Noble Gases. H2‚ N2‚ O2‚ F2‚ Cl2. Methane‚ ethane‚ propane‚ butane Gas: Fills the container. Forces of intermolecular attraction are weak. Vapor: Gas state of a substance that is usually a liquid or solid Ek = (Kinetic energy of a gas molecule) Mu2/2. U2 = 3 (R Gas Constant) (Temperature in Kelvin) / molar mass in kg Speed goes Up with temp and down with mass Pressure: Collisions with the side of a
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Chemistry GENERAL CHEMISTRY: Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Blackbody radiation‚ Planck’s radiation law‚ photoelectric effect‚ Compton Effect‚ de Broglie’s hypothesis‚ Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum mechanics‚ Schrodinger wave equation and a particle in a box‚ energy levels‚ wave functions and probability densities‚ Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom‚ Separation of variables‚ Radial and angular functions‚ hydrogen like wave functions‚ quantum numbers
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removed by filtration‚ decanting‚ or centrifugation. Precipitation is beneficial for creating pigments‚ eradicating salts from water in water treatment‚ and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis. It is also useful in determining the sort of cation in a salt. “To do this‚ an alkali first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the hydroxide of the unknown
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