Pigments were first extracted from tomato paste by a 50/50 mixture of acetone/hexanes; these miscible molecules act together as one organic solvent. Pigments choose the organic layer over the tomato paste with water‚ which allowed for their extraction. K2CO3 is an ionic base that was added to deprotonate the citric acid. The ionic product of the reaction in figure 3 now prefers the aqueous layer‚ which serves to wash the pigments of the acidic impurity. Saturated NaCl pulls any water into the
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Botany Exercise 1 – Microscopy A. The Compound Microscope microscope – optical instrument consisting of a system of specially ground lenses that gives sharp‚ distinct‚ and highly magnified images of minute objects. compound microscope will be used. o two lenses: eyepiece + objective lenses o inverted image base coarse adjustment knob fine adjustment knob revolving nosepiece objective lenses stage stage clips stage opening condenser iris diaphragm mirror U-shaped platform that supports
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membrane and then into the distilled water. The deeper the colour of the beetroot dye‚ the higher the absorbency of light. Beetroot vacuoles have red pigments which can’t pass through the cell membrane there will therefore be an increase in the amount of red pigment diffusing out of the cell. This is because there is a high concentration of red pigment in the cell and no concentration in the water. Increasing the temperature will also provide kinetic energy to the phospholipid bilayer‚ increasing
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the data grows smaller. The smaller the graph goes‚ the more pigment it has. In the graph you can see with sixteen pieces of beet it goes just over 90. While the once piece of beet has a really high bar‚ showing it does not have a lot of pigment as compared to the smaller pieces. Interpretation: The bigger pieces let out less red pigment and the smaller pieces let out more red pigment. The smaller pieces let out more red pigment because there is more surface area on the smaller ones. While the
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I will measure 15cm3 of distilled water each time. It is important to keep the amount of water constant‚ as the dilution will affect the rate of diffusion‚ therefore affecting the results. Another factor that I will be controlling is the surface area and mass of the beetroot pieces used. This is because the surface area affects the rate of diffusion‚ thus
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through stamata . a) chloroplasts; b) stomata: c) cuticle; d) mesophyll cells; e) leaf veins • 6. The cellular transport process by which carbon dioxide enters a leaf (and by which water vapor and oxygen exit) is diffusion . a) osmosis; b) active transport; c. co- transport; d) diffusion; e) bulk flow • 7. Which of the following creatures would not be an autotroph? Fish a) cactus; b) cyanobacteria; c) fish; d) palm tree; e) phytoplankton • 8. The process by which most of the world’s autotrophs
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Organization of pigments in photosystems. a) What is the concept of a photosystem? b) Photosystems are organized into two subcomponents: * antenna complex: Lots of pigments (A‚ B‚ and carotenoids) Pigments along with some proteins that organize some pigments about 200 found‚ scaffold proteins * reaction center complex A pair of chlorophyll A are found
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would have only released slightly more betalain‚ as the molecules would have only had a very small amount more heat energy to convert into kinetic energy. Secondly I when I washed each of the beetroot pieces I may not have removed all of the red pigment on the outside‚ so this would have affected my results very slightly. Again this would only have had a small effect on my results‚ because a very slight increase in betalain molecules would not have changed the reading on the
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Practical Assessment Planning AIM Beetroot cells contain a red pigment‚ which is stored in the cell vacuole and a vacuole membrane to prevent this leaking out of the cell surrounds it. The outer of the cell is also surrounded by a membrane‚ which again helps contain the pigment inside the cell. In this experiment I aim to find out the relationship between the leakage of red pigment from a beetroot cell and the surface area. To do this successfully I will need to alter the surface area of the beetroot
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Which molecules pass through membrane easily (polar vs. non‐polar‚ hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic‚ etc.) The role of ion channels‚ transport proteins‚ etc. Diffusion – what is it? How does it work? Does it require energy? Is it a type of active or passive transport? What is concentration gradient? What is facilitated diffusion? Osmosis – what is it? How does it differ from diffusion? Tonicity – hypotonic‚ isotonic‚ hypertonic – what does it mean? Active transport – does it require energy? Movement of substances down or against
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